THOMAS LINCOLN CASEY
LIBRARY 1925
BIOLOGIA
CENTRALI-AMERICANA.
ARACHNIDA
ARANEIDEA Aanpv OPILIONES.
Vout. II.
BY
FREDERICK O. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE.
1897-1905.
CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION . «1 6 ee we ee ee ee ke ee
Errata ET CORRIGENDA . . ew ee ee ee kk ee
ARANEIDEA . . we wee ee kk kk kk ee ee ed Sect. MyGaALOMORPHH® .... . . 2. ee ee ek ee ee ee 4
Sect. ARACHNOMORPHH . . . . . ee ee 4D Synopsis OF THE Famitiges oF ARANEIDEA . . 2... eee ee ee ee OAT
OPILIONES. . . ee 546 InDEX 2... ee ee ee ee (587
PLATES.
a2
a ss ne a ar ee - : oS a8 : : a . — a : | a : : " : oo ee : oo oo a ee ce oe : . : 7 7 = ne ae & oe S = oe = 8 ee SE 2 ae. ee ee aoe = . Bo ll oe oo x ee s ee : . * ‘ pee | | | . Fo . ‘ . \
INTRODUCTION.
Tue Central-American Araneidea, to judge from the collections made by the Editors of this work, do not present any very remarkable forms peculiar to the region, save, of course, so far as particular species are concerned. ‘The collections before me include representatives of thirty-four families, the total number of genera being 280, and species 1111. It is probable that, after all, little more than the fringe of the fauna has been dealt with. Hundreds more, both genera and species, doubtless remain for
the future collector to discover.
It will be interesting to discuss briefly the spider-fauna of the district in connection with the local distribution of the families, and also in its relation to the fauna of other continental regions. We at once find that whilst the vast majority of the species represented are peculiar to the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions, the genera are in many cases identical with those indigenous to such widely distant regions as the
Mediterranean, Palearctic, Oriental, Australasian, and Ethiopian.
We may dismiss at once the supposition that identical or even closely allied genera sprang into being sporadically in various regions permanently separated by physical barriers such as are furnished by thousands of miles of tempestuous ocean. Remarkable convergencies of character may occur here and there in organisms which have originated from entirely distinct primitive forms, but where such resemblances are very abundant we are driven to the conclusion that all these forms had common origins respectively, and that the fauna of the various regions presenting these likenesses must have passed freely from one to the other, at a date subsequent, at any rate, to the specialization of the various genera of which representatives are found in
each.
In all probability only a very small number of species have been accidentally
7 ee INTRODUCTION.
introduced with the cargo carried by ships in recent times. Where the forms are identical in two widely separated regions, this will, no doubt, account for their presence in both; but the time required for the specialization of species precludes the idea that this agency is in any way responsible for forms representing merely
closely allied species generically identical.
In order to find a satisfactory explanation of this startling resemblance between the fauna of Central America and that of the regions mentioned above, we shall have to take into consideration the geological history of the Araneidea, wherever possible, and also the past geographical history of the various continents as we now know
them.
The Araneidea, of which the Mygalomorphe are the modern exponents, date back at least as far as the Carboniferous period, when they were represented by forms of which the two species of Liphistius are the sole survivors. ‘These differ considerably from the rest of the Mygalomorphe, since their spinners lie in the middle of the underside of the abdomen, instead of at the apex. The earliest known Arachnomorphid spiders, however, in any way resembling those now living belong to the Oligocene times. At this period there existed many species, very similar to those occurring at the present time, whose remains have been found embedded in amber washed up on the shores of the Baltic Sea. Beyond these comparatively few examples, we know little of the extinct races of the Araneidea.
That the spiders comprised in the Central-American fauna could not during recent times have passed to and fro between that region and the great eastern continents will be obvious from a glance at the distribution of land and water at the present day. ‘There are now in existence no land-connections of which an Arachnidal fauna could take advantage in order to pass from Africa, Australia, or the Palearctic Region into North or South America. We can only conclude that at some period or other | these now widely separated regions must have been linked together by land which
has long since disappeared.
As illustrations of these resemblances in the fauna we may note the distribution of a few well-known forms. ‘Taking, first, the Mygalomorphe, which includes the most primitive Araneidea, we find the family Dipluride represented in Central America, the Antilles, Western Ethiopia, Madagascar, the Mediterranean Region, India, the
INTRODUCTION. Vii
Oriental and Australian Regions, and New Zealand. But most significant is the fact that two genera, Jschnothele and Evagrus, both strongly represented in Central America, are found also in Madagascar and South Africa.
The Ctenizine, a subfamily of the Ctenizide, are found in the Southern States of North America, Central America, the northern districts of South America, the Antilles, the Mediterranean Region, Central Asia, Burmah, South China, and the Japanese Islands, as well as in New Guinea and some of the Polynesian Islands.
The Avicularie, of the family Theraphoside, are present throughout the Gulf States of North America, Central America and the Antilles, the whole of South America, the
western districts of Ethiopia, the Mediterranean Region, India, and Burmah.
Amongst the Argyopide, the genus Nephila may have originated in the Oriental Region. Its western representative, however, is very widely distributed in the New World. There has been found, moreover, in the Florissant deposits of North America a fossil species of Nephila which is probably identical with the existing form mentioned above. If so, this would point to the vast time required in the differentiation of species, though naturally there would be great variation in this respect.
The genus Filistata, of the family Filistatide, is common to North, Central, and South America, the Antilles, Africa, and the Oriental Region. The members of this family possibly originated in the Ethiopian Region and spread westwards.
To take, now, a case where it is not improbable that the reverse has happened, we find numerous species and allied genera of the family Anyphenide in North and Central America, while but three or four species of one genus, Anyphena, are found in the Palearctic Region. The ancestors of these may have passed across from the parent stock before the Behring Sea bridge was broken down, and established themselves there during Oligocene times ; for they are found in the beds of this period, in both Europe and North America. It has been well pointed out by Mr. R. I. Pocock * that this case is remarkably similar to that of the mammalian family Camelide, of which a number of genera existed in North America in Tertiary times, passed subsequently
* Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1903, 1. p. 367.
Vill INTRODUCTION.
across into the Old World, where it is represented by the Camels, and into South America with the Llamas as representatives. The genera, however, of the Anyphenide still exist in the region of their origin, while those of the Camelide have died out.
These few instances must suffice for the present, but they will serve to indicate the various sources whence the Spider-fauna of Central America may have been
derived.
The scheme of classification presented in the following pages does not differ materially from that usually adopted, except as regards the position of the Thomiside and Salticide. These families are here assumed to be allied to the Clubionide, and not linked with the Argyopide and Lycoside respectively, as previously placed by Authors.
The systematic position of the Cribellate is still one of the unsolved problems of Araneology. In the list of families drawn up in the Synoptic Table on pp. 541-544, the arrangement has been somewhat modified from that followed in the previously published text, as it was impossible to prepare this till the whole of the material had
been studied.
As regards the actual identification of species, always a matter of great difficulty, we have fortunately had access to the types in the collection of the late Count Keyserling in the British Museum of Natural History. With these for reference, it has been
possible to determine with some confidence a great many American forms.
In the “ List of Identified Species,” given by the Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge in the _ Introduction to Vol. L., pp. xiii-xv, there are various names which will not be found quoted in the present volume. This apparent omission is due to difference of opinion as to the identification of the forms involved, or at least as regards those contained in the Godman and Salvin Collection.
The Opiliones, or Harvestmen, do not call for any special comment, and remarks on their geographical distribution, &c., are to be found on pp. 546-548. Nearly all the species (70) enumerated are treated as new, these Arachnids having been much neglected by zoologists.
The collections amassed by the Editors of this work have been mainly contributed
INTRODUCTION. iy
by Mr. F. Sarg, from Guatemala, whose coloured drawings of living specimens, and notes on their habits, have been of great assistance ; by Mr. H. H. Smith, from Mexico, who also supplied us with an account of his observations on many of the species; and by Mr. G. C. Champion, from the State of Panama, whose collections of spiders were mostly made during the dry season, between November and March, 1883.
The fifty-four Plates, the drawings for which were made by myself and transferred to stone by Mr. E. Wilson, include figures of upwards of 900 species, with very many details of structure. Fifty-one Plates are devoted to the Araneidea and three to the
Opiliones ; twenty-four of the former are wholly or partially coloured.
F. O. P.-C.
January, 1905,
BIOL, CENTR.-AMER., Arachn. Aran. & Opil., Vol. IT., January 1905. b
Page Dy)
—
35 40 43 57 85 94 121 129 140 152 156
192 251 256 272 288
ERRATA ET
CORRIGENDA.
for Acanthocurria read. Acanthoscurria,
for Melodeus read Melodeus.
for A, read Agelena.
for coccineus read coccinea,
for (g) read (3 2).
for inclusa read inclusum.
for Aena read Anyphena.
for Ocypeta read. Ocypete.
Jor Srmpuanopsin& read STEPHANOPINA.
for R. dubia read R. blanda. |
for Thamisus read Thomisus.
for STEPHANOPSINZ read STEPHANO- PINE.
for longipalpis read longipalpus.
after PHANTAS add gen. nov.
for Ankoa read Anoka.
for retarius read retiarius.
add to the references: Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci.
xiii, p. 801°
Page 288
399 339 341 348 359 391
391 426 427 437 445 506 515 536
Line 5 add: Norra Amurica, ‘Texas *.—Mxxtco *.— Braz 2 3, 14 for Hamarativa read HaMATALIWA. “i } for Hamataliva read Hamataliwa. 35 for facile read facilis. 8 add: Nort Amurica, Texas’. 2 after p. 256 add t. 39. figg. 9, 9a-d, and the additional reference — Phyllonethis trepida, O. P.-Cambr. 1. c. p. 307. 10 after Omilteme add and Amula. 3 for scurrillis read scurrilis. 6 for montividensis read montevidensis. 19 for MEITNZ read METINA. 10 for M. read P. 13 for Eustala read Hpeira. 15 after p. 253 insert t. 15. fig. 7. 35 for Tab. L. read Tab. LI.
BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA.
ZOOLOGIA.
Class ARACHNIDA.
Order ARANEIDEA. Suborder OPISTHOTHELZ, Pocock.
Section MYGALOMORPH &, Pocock.
The Mygalomorphe include all the spiders which possess four distinct lung-sacs as distinct from two lung-sacs and two tracheal stigmata of the Dysderide, &c., or two lung-sacs and one tracheal stigma of the other Arachnomorphe.
Both in the number of lung-sacs retained, in the disposition of the spinning-mamille, and in the plane of the articulation of the mandibles, these spiders exhibit characters which suggest archaic arachnidal forms, of which Liphistius is perhaps the sole surviving link. In the Arachnomorphe the second pair of lung-sacs have become tracheal stigmata and the plane of articulation of the mandibles has become oblique instead of horizontal, while the spinning-mamille, having achieved the utmost possible degree of distal migration, assume a closely grouped position at the apex of the abdomen.
So far as regards the distribution of the Mygalomorphe over the earth’s surface, one may say that, roughly speaking, they occupy the broad zone which lies between the fortieth parallel north and south of the Equator. The family Atypide, however, occurs much further north, extending almost up to the sixtieth parallel. Members of the family Ctenizide and also of the Dipluride extend further both in a northerly and southerly direction than do those of the family Theraphoside as defined in the present work, while along the northern shores of the Mediterranean numerous species of the former family occur where the latter is but feebly represented.
The Theraphoside, which include the largest known species, some of them measuring 9 inches in expanse of limbs, occur throughout Africa, Arabia, Hindostan, Burmah, Sumatra, Java, New Guinea, and other adjacent islands, and the east coast of Australia. In the Neotropical region they occur in the Southern States of North America, in
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Arachn. Aran., Vol. II., August 1897. BE
2 ARANEIDEA.
California, Mexico and the Central-American States, the Antilles, and the whole northern region of South America, gradually fading away southwards to the northern boundaries of Patagonia.
It is noteworthy, however, that in both a northerly and southerly direction these forms follow the coast-line and spread further than they do inland, as, for instance, in California on the north-west and Virginia on the east, in Chili on the south-west and below Uruguay on the south-east coast. In this respect the area of distribution of the Theraphoside is almost conterminous with that of the scorpions (cf. R. I. Pocock, ‘Geographical Distribution of Scorpions’).
Certain groups of genera belonging to this family are, of course, still further restricted to the equatorial regions. For though the genus Ewrypelma extends as far north as Arizona, yet the genera Acanthocurria, Avicularia, Xenesthis, Sericopelma, &c. are not found north of Mexico, and indeed scarcely much further north than Panama.
On the whole, therefore, we may regard the Mygalomorphe in general, and the family Theraphoside in particular, as essentially residents of the tropics. Certain forms, such as Avicularia avicularia in Brazil, and some species of Eurypelma in Central America, abound almost everywhere, but the majority of these huge spiders lurk in their dens in the depths of the primeval forest and are seldom met with.
The first family into which the Mygalomorphe fall, the Ctenizide, comprises all those forms which are well known under the name “Trapdoor Spiders.” They construct a silk-lined burrow in the ground, closed with a hinged door at the entrance. ‘The members of the next family, the Theraphoside, though often making a cylindrical burrow in the soil, make no door at the entrance. They are not artificers, as their structure will prove. The Ctenizide have become highly specialized in the armature of their legs and mandibles in correlation with their habit of digging in the soil and constructing carefully adjusted doorways for the protection of their domicile. The Theraphosidez, on the other hand, are rather specialized in the direction of rapidity of movement, their feet also being furnished with an exceedingly soft pad of claviform hairs, beautifully iridescent, which enables them to advance in stealthy silence on their prey, and to cross smooth horizontal surfaces with absolute confidence. These spiders, though they construct large cylindrical domiciles of silk in convenient situations, and in some genera burrow in the ground, yet make no door at the entrance, but rather extend the silk in an open trumpet-shaped mouth over the surrounding ' foliage and soil.
The third family, the Dipluride, again develop this trumpet-mouth still further, spreading the silk in a much wider circle over the surrounding soil or foliage, the snare and burrow, or tube at the back, thus assuming a very strong resemblance to the sheet-like snares of the family Agelenide, belonging to the section Arachnomorphe— a resemblance, moreover, which is not alone confined to the snares, but is even shared to a greater or less extent by the constructors themselves ; showing that similarity of
MYGALOMORPILE. | 3
habit tends to similarity in structure without there being, necessarily, any near elationship between the forms. :
When we enter upon the question of the distribution of particular groups and genera over wide areas and continents separated by broad seas, and whether certain definite forms are more or less confined to certain well-marked regions, we have first of all to bear in mind that the Mygalomorphe do not lend themselves so greatly to the usual agents of distribution as do the Arachnomorphe. ‘The former usually live under ground and upon the ground, and the egg-cocoon is not so likely to be carried in cargoes of vegetables and plants, for instance, from one hemisphere to another. Neither are their young so likely to be conveyed by the winds high up in the air from island to island and continent to continent, clinging to the masts and rigging of ships. Indeed, I have never heard that the young of any of the Mygalomorphe migrate in this manner, a common occurrence amongst the Arachnomorphe. As an instance of the distributing agency of steamers and ships in the case of the latter we may note the occurrence of the huge Heteropoda venatoria (regia, Fabr.) in almost every seaport of the tropical world, and one of the most familiar house-spiders to dwellers in the ‘tropics. ‘They thrive amazingly in the warm holds and engine-rooms of the steamers, and have thus been transferred from port to port all over the world from their original headquarters. possibly somewhere in the oriental equatorial regions.
With the Mygalomorphe, however, artificial or semi-natural distribution is far less likely to occur, and therefore we are more justified in concluding @ priori that the forms occurring, for instance, in Hindostan, Burmah, and Borneo will be strikingly different from those to be met with in Central America and Brazil, than we should be in the case of the Arachnomorphe.
And as a matter of fact such @ priort judgment is, to a very great extent, borne out by actual comparison of the fauna from these widely separate regions; for compared with that of the western hemisphere we find the fauna of the Oriental region present striking differences.
It is of course too soon to speak with certainty on the matter, but with regard to the family Theraphoside, at all events, we may affirm that, as a rule, the Neotropical members differ in certain very definite characters from those of both the Ethiopian and Oriental regions. The genera are entirely distinct, and although some of them are supposed to be common to Central America and to the European Mediterranean region (e. g. Chetopelma and Cratorrhagus), | am not in a position at present to confirm this supposition.
The Theraphoside from the equatorial regions of the east possess in the stridulating- organs of both male and female a character which separates them at once from those of the Neotropical region. Curiously enough, however, in the case of the family Dipluride the position is almost exactly reversed, for in the Neotropical genera Zrechona,
Melodeus, and Harmonicon the stridulating-apparatus is present, while in members Bt 2
4, ARANEIDEA.
from the Ethiopian and Oriental regions it is, so far as I have had opportunity of observing, entirely absent.
Passing on from these broader considerations of distribution and narrowing our
investigations down to the Central-American and adjacent regions, with whose fauna we are more immediately concerned, we must also remark that so far, in the absence of sufficient data, we are not justified in speaking too positively as to the distribution of different families and genera. - The only further feature that strikes one in connection with distribution of the Mygalomorphe in Central America is the small number of the Ctenizide and Dipluride and the greater number of the Theraphoside, especially of the genus Eurypelma and some allied forms. This feature, however, is probably due entirely to the fact that the trapdoor spiders are not easy to find, while the others force them- selves more or less on the observation, and hence are more numerously represented in the bottles of the collector.
The number of representatives of this section hitherto taken is so exceedingly small in comparison with the enormous extent of the region that one cannot venture to speak with any great confidence on the subject of the proportional distribution of different families and genera.
In conclusion, however, it may be remarked that one genus only occurs north of the fortieth parallel, viz. Euagrus (rubricularis, Sim.), which has been recorded by Dr. Geo. Marx from Idaho. Bothriocyrtum californicum, O. P.-Cambr., is reported as occurring in Utah, and Myrmeciophila atkinsonii, Sim., in Virginia. Eurypelma does not apparently occur further north than Arizona and California (where forms are apt to creep up the coast-line), New Mexico, and Texas. Tapinauchenius has been recorded from as far north as “Indian Territory” by Dr. Marx, which, if the identification be correct, is somewhat surprising; while Avicularia, Sericopelma, and Xenesthis, genera essentially equatorial, have not been recorded further north than Panama.
MYGALOMORPH &, Pocock.
The plane of the joint of the mandible with the carapace nearly vertical, the fang closing almost directly backwards. Four lung-sacs, the posterior widely separated, close behind the anterior, with distinct transverse opercula, Spinning-mamille four, rarely six.
This large and very distinct section may conveniently be subdivided into more or less compact and natural families, though of course intermediate forms occur in most cases, which partaking of the characters of two families cannot be classed with either. The families represented in Central America may be briefly characterized as follows :—
A. Tarsi without claw-tufts ; inferior claw nearly always distinct.
a. Base of mandible furnished at the apex with a more or less well-
developed rastellum. Spinning-mamillz short, stout, and closely situate at the base. . . . + ee ee ee ee we we 6 Crentzi1ve, Thor.
CTENIZIDA. 5
’. Base of mandible without any rastellum at the apex. Spinning- mamille long, slender, widely situate at the base . . . . . . Drrruripa, Thor. B. Tarsi with claw-tufts; inferior claw hardly ever present (sometimes in immature forms and in some males on tarsus iv.). . . . . . THERAPHosID#, Thor.
Fam. CTENIZIDZ.
This very large and interesting family, quite distinct, as a rule, in general appearance and character from either the Theraphoside or the Dipluride, comprises all those species generally known as ‘Trapdoor Spiders.” Their habit, as distinct from those of the other two families, is to construct a more or less perfect movable lid, with which the long silk-lined burrow, formed in the soil, can be securely closed at pleasure. The Theraphosid, on the other hand, while constructing a silken tube either in the ground or crevices in tree-trunks, make no door of any kind. The Dipluride resemble this last family in the general nature of their habitat, but the entrance of the burrow is surrounded with a large flat sheet of webbing, very similar to the domiciles of the family Agelenide, of the section Arachnomorphe.
The family Ctenizide may itself be conveniently divided into several subfamilies, of which, however, two only are represented (so far, that is to say, as present researches warrant one in the assertion) in the Central-American fauna, namely the Actinopodine and the Ctenizine, which may be characterized thus :—
A. Coxa of pedipalp scarcely longer than broad. aye meely separate, not situate upon a raised prominence. . . . . . « ACTINOPODINE.
B. Coxa of pedipalp distinctly longer than broad. " Byes more or “Tess closely grouped, and situate on a decidedly raised prominence . . . . . - . CTENIZINA.
Subfam. ACTINOPODINAL. The two genera of this subfamily may be distinguished thus :—
A. Thoracic fovea strongly procurved, not sinuous. Femur i. not gibbous
* on the posterior side. Apex of labial plate and anterior side of the coxa of
pedipalp studded with numerous cuspules. Apical margin of protarsus iv.
without a regular row of spines on anterior apical margin. Tarsus iv. with
a close group of numerous spines on anterior side. Anterior central eyes
four diameters distant from posterior centrals, and six diameters from anterior laterals. . . . 2 + ee + + ee ee ee ee) 6. 6Actinopus, Perty.
B. Thoracic fovea recurved, transverse, sinuous. Femur iii. gibbous on the
posterior side. Labial plate not studded with cuspules. Coxa of pedipalp not
studded with cuspules. Protarsus iv. with aregular row of 4-6 long spines
on anterior apical margin beneath, beside 7-8 scattered spines on sides.
Tarsus iv. without any spines on anterior side. Anterior central eyes one
and a half diameters distant from posterior centrals, rather over three diameters from anterior laterals . . . . . . + «©» «© «© « « « Neocteniza, Poc.
6 ARANEIDEA,
ACTINOPUS. Actinopus, Perty, Del. Anim. Art. Bras. p. 198 (1833). Type Actinopus tarsalis, Perty.
Tarsi without ungual tufts, 3-clawed. Tarsi and protarsi not scopulate. Eyes widely separate, not occupying a raised prominence. Apex of coxa of pedipalp produced on anterior side to form a conical prominence. Sternum deeply impressed behind labial plate. Thoracic fovea strongly procurved, not sinuous. Femur iii. incrassate, but parallel-sided. Labial plate elongate, coniform, its apex studded with numerous (10-15) cuspules. Coxa of pedipalp studded with numerous cuspules on anterior half. Protarsus iv. with 7 or 8 irregularly scattered spines on anterior side. Tarsus iv. with 9-10 closely grouped short spines on anterior side. Mandibles with rastellum.
1. Actinopus robustus. Pachyloscelis robustus,O.P.-Cambr. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn. Aran. p. 93, t.12. figg. 5,5a—d ( 2)’.
Type in coll. Godman & Salvin. Hab. Panama, Veraguas (Boucard?).
I am unable, from the description only, to distinguish the females of this form from A. scalops, Sim., though, in any case, it is not possible to decide the matter without comparing the males. Probably the females of these closely allied forms are them- selves inseparable, and from what I have observed in comparing the individuals of other forms of this genus from various localities I should quite expect this to be the case. It is of course highly possible, after a very careful comparison of numerous examples of all these forms, that some constantly variable character may be found in the females whereby the different forms may be recognized, but so far no such character has been discovered.
The followings points may be noted as probably of specific value :—
Q. Patella iii. with a regular row of 7 short spines and 2-3 irregularly placed spines on the anterior apical margin; posterior side with an irregular row of 10 spines and numerous irregularly placed spines. Tibia iii. with a regular single row of 12-14 spines on the anterior apical margin, becoming posteriorly irregular and more numerous.
In A. wallace: (from Brazil) tibia iii. has a number of irregularly placed spines along the anterior apical margin, instead of a single regular row.
NEOCTENIZA.
Neocteniza, Pocock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xvi. p. 193 (1895). Type WV. sclateri, Poc. ( 2 ) loc. cit. p. 194, t. 5. figg. 3, 3a, b.
Tarsi without ungual tufts, 3-clawed. Tarsi and protarsi not scopulate. Eyes widely separate, not occupying a raised prominence. Apex of coxa of pedipalp produced on the anterior side into a conical prominence. Sternum deeply impressed behind labial plate. Thoracic fovea transverse, recurved, slightly sinuous. Femur iil. incrassate, especially on the posterior side. Labial plate truncate, coniform, its apex set with simple hairs only, no cuspules. Ooxa of pedipalp not studded with cuspules. Protarsus iv. with 4-6 long spines, in a row, on anterior apical margin beneath, and 7-8 other irregularly scattered spines on anterior and posterior sides. Tarsus iv. without any spines on anterior side. Mandibles with rastellum.
NEOCTENIZA. 7
females. A. Central anterior eyes nearly four diameters from lateral anteriors. Patella ii. with apical submarginal fringe of 9-10 short spines; posterior apical margin with three short spines. Anterior dorsal area with upwards of 20 short spines. Dorsal area of tibia iii. with upwards of 25 short spines. Protarsus iii. with two rows of 10—10and upwards short spines. Spines on margins of pro- tarsus i. 15—12 on the inner and outer sides respectively. Tibia i. with spines 6—7 on the inner side and outer side respectively (from beneath) . ([sclateri, Poe.
(Demerara). ] B. Central anterior eyes two diameters only from lateral anteriors. Patella iti.
with apical submarginal fringe of 7 short spines; posterior apical margin without any short spines. Anterior dorsal area with 9-10 short spines. Dorsal area of tibia iii. with upwards of 1] short spines. Protarsus iii. with two rows of 6—6 spines. Spines on margins of protarsus i. 7—5 on the inner and outer sides respectively. Tibia i. with 2 spines only on ventral surface, beneath; no marginal spines... . . . 1 eee ee ee mexicana, sp. n.
1. Neocteniza mexicana, sp.n. (Tab. I. figg. 6, 6 a, 3.) Type in coll. Godman & Salvin.
Carapace yellow-brown, legs paler; abdomen dull pink-brown, pale beneath; spinners pale yellow. @. Length 15 millim.
Hab. GUATEMALA (Sarq).
There is no necessity for recapitulating the characters, which are all incorporated in the generic and specific diagnoses. ‘The species is obviously closely allied to WN. sclateri, Poc., but, unless the great difference in the number of spines signalized above be nothing more than characteristic of different degrees of maturity, it is decidedly distinct.
It is very interesting to be able to confirm the characters of this genus, and I am glad to have the opportunity of figuring the more important of them. The form undoubtedly belongs to that group of the Ctenizide for which I retain the subfamily name Actinopodine given by Simon.
Subfam. CTENIZINA.
-This subfamily may be divided into three groups as follows :—
Eyes not in two groups, forming only a single more or less closely situated
group. I. Tibia ii. strongly compressed at the base on the upperside . . . . . PACHYLOMERER. II. Tibia iii. not compressed at the base.
a. Tarsi not scopulate, but set with numerous spines in the females . . CrEnizEa.
6. Tarsi i. and ii. scopulate in both sexes . . . . . . .) .).) ))06CUCYRTAUCHENIEZ.
.) ARANEIDEA.
Group PACHYLOMEREZ.
The two genera falling into this group, of which examples are recorded from Central America, are Chorizops and Pachylomerus, Chorizops having been instituted by Ausserer for the reception of a form called by Koch “ Actinopus loricatus.” What this particular species may be we cannot of course say positively in the absence of types, except that it approaches, in all probability, the genus Cyclocosmia of Hentz.
Assuming this to be the case, we may therefore characterize the two genera thus :—
1. Abdomen enlarged, truncate, and marked with very distinct muscular
depressions behind . . ... . . . . . CHorizops, Auss. 2. Abdomen not enlarged, truncate, or inatked with ateonply pronounced muscular depressions behind . . . . ... =.=. +. +. +. . . Pacnyztomervs, Auss. CHORIZOPS.
Chorizops, Ausserer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxi. p. 144 ae? 1). Type Chorizops loricatus (C. Koch).
1. Chorizops loricatus.
Actinopus loricatus, C. Koch, Die Arachn. ix. p. 99, fig. 752 (1842) °. Chorizops loricatus, Ausser. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxi. p. 144 (1871) *; Simon, Act. Soe. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 827 (1892) *.
Hab. Mexico}. This spider, judging from Koch’s figure, closely resembles Cyclocosmia truncata,
Hentz, but the position of the eyes would preclude the possibility of identity. It is not possible, however, to say anything more definite without seeing the types.
PACHYLOMERUS. Pachylomerus, Ausserer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxi. p. 145 (1871).
Type P. nidulans (Fabr.).
Tarsi 3-clawed, no ungual tuft(¢). Protarsi and tarsi i. and ii. regularly, thinly, but entirely scopulate. Tibia iii. compressed at the base above, incrassate at the apex. Eyes forming a single group. Mandible with apical rastellum. Coxa of pedipalp not produced into a conical prominence at the anterior apical angle,
1. Pachylomerus pustulosus.
Pachylomerus pustulosus, Becker, Compt. rend. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxii. p. cxl (Oct. 1879) *; E. Simon, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 827 (1892 ?.
Hab. Mexico, Guanajuato (Van Bruyssel ).
This and the following species are unknown to me.
PACHYLOMERUS.—BOTHRIOCYRTUM. 9
2. Pachylomerus rugosus.
Pachylomerus rugosus, Karsch, Zeitschr. fiir ges. Naturw. liii. p. 388 (1880) '; E. Simon, Act. Soe. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 327 (1892) *.
Hab. Costa Rica}.
3. Pachylomerus zebrinus, sp.n. (Tab. I. figg. 8, 8a, 3.) Type, 3, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
Adult male, length 10 millim.
Carapace and mandibles deep shining black. Sternum, mouth-parts, and legs dull yellow-brown, paler towards the apex. Pedipalps similarly coloured. Abdomen dark brown-black, with a pair of pale dorsal spots behind each shoulder, followed to spinners by five narrow transverse recurving pale bars.
Carapace finely and entirely granulate. Thoracic fovea strongly procurved. Labium and coxe of pedipalp studded with several cuspules. Tibia iii. three and a half times longer than broad, slightly impressed at the base above, armed at the apex on the outer, inner side and above with upwards of ten short stout spines. Protarsus iii. spinose above, armed at the apex above with four rather longer stouter spines.
Pedipalp similar in general form to that of others of the genus. ‘Tibia at least four times longer than broad. Bulb globular, bilobate, its apex very long, sinuous, and filiform, directed abruptly outwards. Tarsus iv. with five stout spines on the outer side at the apex, a not oblique row of bristles on the inner side.
Hab. Guatemata (Sarg).
A single adult male. Group CTENIZE.
There is one genus only of this group to which species taken in the Central- American region are referable, viz. Bothriocyrtum, Sim. This genus, as well as the others belonging to the group, can be recognized by the absence of the tarsal scopula_ in the female sex. The type of Bothriocyrtum is B. californicum, O. P.-Cambr., originally described under Céeniza, from California.
BOTHRIOCYRTUM. Bothriocyrtum, E. Simon, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xlix. p. 314 (1891).
1. Bothriocyrtum fabrile. (Tab. I. figg. 1, la-e, 2.) Bothriocyrtum fabrile, EK. Simon, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. p. 827 (2)’. Type, 2, in coll. K. Simon, Paris,
Hab. Mexico, Santiago (Forrer 1).
The type of this species has been kindly submitted to me by M. Simon. It is distinguished from other allied genera from the Palearctic and Paleotropic regions by the almost horizontal clypeus, which is twice as broad as the transverse diameter of the anterior laterals. The lateral anteriors and lateral posteriors are separated by a space much less than the longitudinal diameter of the latter, but equal to the transverse diameter. Protarsi i. and ii. bear a few spines beneath, in addition to the
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Arachn. Aran., Vol. II., September 1897. of
10. ARANEIDEA.
lateral spines. ‘Tibiee iii. and iv. are armed on the outer side with numerous irregularly set spines. Anterior row of eyes straight. Ocular area small, transversely narrow and parallel on each side. Sternum with two sigilla in the centre.
Group CYRTAUCHENIE.
The spiders falling into the group Cyrtaucheniee may be distinguished, first, from the Idiopee by the eyes forming one group instead of two; from the Pachylomerez by the normal form of the tibia of the 3rd pair, not impressed at the base; from the Ctenizeee by the thick scopula beneath the tarsi, and often the protarsi of the first two pairs of legs; from the Aporoptyche by the short and semi-globose form of the terminal joint of the mamille; and, lastly, from the Nemesiew by the strongly procurved semilunar form of the thoracic fovea.
The group is represented in Central America by several genera, Lutychides, Enrico, Favila, and Eucteniza. The first mentioned of these genera alone has more than one species recorded—two from Central America and one from the Antilles. avila and Eucteniza are, I believe, referable to the same genus, the name Kucteniza having priority. Enrico is, I suspect, a good genus, for the anterior margin of the posterior pair of sigilla is less than half the length of the sternum from the base of the labium. These sigilla are also more elongate and attenuate posteriorly than is the case in
either Favila or Hucteniza. The following table briefly summarizes the distinguishing characters of the three
genera which are recognizable out of the four recorded :—
A. Anterior tarsal claws ( 2) with five long teeth besides a large bifid basal tooth. Palpal claw with six short teeth. Sternum not much longer than broad. Patella iv. not armed on outer side at base with cuspules. Legs clothed with short thickly set hairs. Tarsus iv. with a thick tuft of hair beneath. Scopula beneath protarsi and tarsi i. and ii.( ¢) very thick. Eurycnipzs, E. Sim. B. Anterior tarsal claws ( ?) with, at most, two (ucteniza) teeth besides a large bifid basal tooth. Palpal claw with a large bifid basal tooth, and a single tooth towards apex, on inner side. Sternum considerably longer than broad. Patella iv. armed at base on outer side with cuspules. Legs very sparsely clothed with short hairs. Tarsus iv. without a thick tuft of short hair beneath. Scopula beneath protarsi and tarsi i. and ii. ( 9 ) less dense (in Hucteniza very slight). a. Posterior sternal sigilla elongate-piriform, attenuate behind; their anterior margin extending more than halfway from the base of the sternum to the base of the labium. Labial plate more elongate- OVAL eg ea eae is ey ee et ee es eo eioo; O. P.-Cambr-. 6. Posterior sternal sigilla short-piriform, less attenuate behind; their anterior margin extending less than halfway from the base of the sternum to the base of the labium. Labial plate more semicircular. Evcreniza, Auss.
EUTYCHIDES. 11
Of these three genera, the first is very distinct, so far as one is able to judge from the type, #. aurantiacus, Sim.,—the toothing of the tarsal claws, consisting of a large bifid basal tooth and five simple teeth, being very different from the single bifid tooth found in the females of Hucteniza and Hnrico. It must, however, be remembered that in the males of these and many other genera of this family the teeth of the tarsal claws are much more numerous, forming a thick comb of long clustered denticles at the base, followed by a row of simple teeth, and also that the coxe of the pedipalp are not spinose in the males as they are in the other sex. It must be further noted that in the males (so far as I have been in a position to observe) the tarsi only are scopulate. I am unable to regard Favila relatus, O. P.-Cambr., as generically distinct from Hucteniza mexicana, Auss.,—though one is not justified in considering it specifically identical, the more so since the type (?) of the latter, which is now before me, is most probably immature. ‘The sternal sigilla of these two forms are similar in character and position. Enrico mexicanus, O. P.-Cambr., however, appears to be quite distinct from the other two types in the character of the sigilla on the one hand and the armature of the legs on the other.
It is not possible to be quite confident over these points of classification in the absence of material.
EUTYCHIDES. Eutychides*, EK. Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1888, p. 213.
1. Kutychides aurantiacus. (Tab. I. figg. 8,3 a-f, 2.)
Eutychides aurantiacus, E. Simon, Ann. Scc. Ent. Fr. 1888, p. 213 (2)'; Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 328 (1892) *.
Type, @, in coll. E. Simon, Paris. Hab. Mexico !?.
This fine species, of which the type has been submitted to me for examination by M. Simon, can readily be recognized by the characteristic sigilla on the sternum and the golden-yellow hairs on the abdomen.
2. Kutychides dugesi.
Eutychides dugesi, EK. Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1888, p. 2141; Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 828 (1892) *. Type, 2, in coll. E. Simon, Paris. Hab. Mexico (Dugés').
I have not seen a specimen of this species.
* Misprinted Entychides.
12 ARANEIDEA.
ENRICO. Enrico, O. P.-Cambridge, Biol. Centr.-Am., Arachn. Aran. i. p. 157 (1895).
1. Enrico mexicanus. (Tab. I. figg. 7, 7 a, 6, 2.)
Enrico mexicanus, O. P.-Cambr. loc. cit. p. 157, t. 19. figg. 8, 8 a-c (2) *. Type, 2, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
Hab. Mexico, Atoyac in Vera Cruz (H. H. Smith +).
EUCTENIZA.
Eucteniza, Ausserer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxv. p. 148 (1876). Favila, O. P.-Cambridge, Biol. Centr.-Am., Arachn. Aran. i. p. 156 (1895).
1. Eucteniza mexicana. (Tab. I. figg. 2, 2a-f, 2.)
Eucteniza mexicana, Auss. loc. cit. p. 149, t. 5. figg. 8, 9°; H. Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. p. 110 (1892); Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 328 (1892) *. | Type, 2, in Brit. Mus., ex coll. Keyserling.
Measurements of type:—Total length 18°75 millim. Oarapace 5°5x4; ceph. area 4; stern. 3:5x2°5; pedipalp 9. Legs: 1.13; ii. 5; il. —; iv. 14.
Legs. Protarsi and tarsi i. and ii. scopulate beneath. Pedipalp: tarsus with single claw, unidentate, with 6-7 irregular spines beneath; tibia with 8 spines towards apex on inner side. Tarsus i. with 2 small spines towards apex, beneath; protarsus i. with 6 irregular spines beneath (3 at apex, 2 on outer side, 1 on inner side), Tarsus ii. with 2-3 small spines towards apex, beneath; protarsus ii. with 6 irregular spines beneath (3 at apex, 2 on outer side, 1 on inner side). Tibie i. and ii. without any spines. Patella iii. with numerous spines above and a row along apical margin, with a row also on posterior side. Tibia iii. with 6 spines on anterior side and a row of numerous spines along apical margin; 2 long spines and 3 on apical margin beneath. Protarsus iii. with 6—7 spines on each side, 3 spines and 4 on apical margin beneath. Tarsus iii. with 1-2 small spines on anterior side and 1-2 beneath. Femur iv. with 4 spines on apical margin above; patella iv. with 6-7 spines on anterior side towards base. Tibia iv. with no spines above or on sides, 3 bristles beneath. Protarsus iv. with no spines above, with 5 spines beneath, and 3 longer ones on apical margin beneath. Tarsus iv. with 7-8 short spines beneath.
Eyes. Set in two rows, equal in width; anterior procurved, posterior recurved. Anterior centrals 3? of a diameter apart, one fuil diameter from laterals. Laterals larger, their longitudinal diameter 3 greater than diameter of anterior centrals. Central posteriors circular-piriform, over four diameters apart, one- quarter diameter from centrals, the same from lateral posteriors; diameter of lateral posteriors slightly greater than that of central posteriors, themselves situated within 4 a diameter of laterai anteriors. Central ocular quadrangle two and a half times broader than long, anterior side much narrower than posterior. Anterior centrals one diameter from anterior margin; laterals one-quarter a diameter from anterior margin.
Carapace one-half longer than broad, narrowed behind; cephalic area two-thirds of carapace, well marked, convex, broad in front, gradually narrowed to central fovea, which is deep and strongly procurved ; thoracic indentations deep.
Mandables stout, flat on inner side, externally and dorsally convex. Apical sixth of basal joint armed with numerous cusps on inner margin, becoming longer and stouter at apex, five especially longer on inner apex, others smaller along apical margin, none on dorsal apical disc. Inner margin of fang-groove with 9 stout denticles, outer margin with 14 small denticles, irregularly situate.
Sternum (including labial plate) not quite twice its breadth; attenuate in front, broader behind. The point of its greatest width opposite coxe iii.; from this point abruptly narrowed and terminating between coxe iv. in a point, One pair of sigilla distinctly marked opposite coxe ii.; another, scarcely visible,
EUCTENIZA. 13
opposite coxe i. ; base of labial plate defined by a deep procurved impression. Centre of sternum with a very shallow quadrate impression just behind the middle.
Coxa of pedipalp twice its breadth, anterior distal angle slightly produced, entirely but sparingly studded with minute cuspules over anterior side of disc, more concentrated at anterior basal angle. Labial plate as long
as broad, semicircular, studded towards apex with 6 or 7 cuspules. Tarsal claws. Pedipalp with one claw, having one small denticle towards apex and a large bifid basal tooth. Legs with three tarsal claws, inferior simple, superiors with one or two smaller denticles towards apex
and a larger bifid basal tooth *. Hab. Mexico}.
The type, from which the above fresh description is taken, appears to be immature ; this would account for the very scanty tarsal scopula.
2. Eucteniza relata. Favila relatus, O. P.-Cambr. Biol. Centr.-Am., Arachn. Aran. p. 156, t. 19. figg. 6, 6a-6f(3)’: Type, ¢, in coll. Godman & Salvin. Hab. Mexico, Amula in Guerrero, 6000 feet (H. H. Smith 1).
This species, of which a single specimen, a male, was obtained by Mr. H. H. Smith, is undoubtedly congeneric with Eucteniza mexicana, Auss., so far as a careful comparison of the types justifies one in concluding.
Fam. THERAPHOSIDA.
The sense in which I use this family name, as distinct from the Ctenizide and Dipluride, is one in which all the groups embraced by M. Simon [Hist. Nat. Ar. p. 132 (1892)] in his subfamily Aviculariine are included, thus covering the whole Neotropical and Oriental regions.
The family will in all probability fall eventually into various natural subfamilies, of which the only one that here concerns us, the Theraphosine, may be regarded as including all the closely allied genera indigenous to the Neotropical region. The principal of these are Eurypelma, Avicularia, Tapinauchenius, Homeomma, Lasiodora, Aenesthis, Sericopelma, Spherobothria, Metriopelma, Crypsidromus, &c.
There appears to be no sufficient reason, so far as the material to hand enables one to judge, for drawing very hard-and-fast lines between the numerous forms included in the subfam. Theraphosine, based on the division of the tarsal pad or the presence of the femoral pad, and certainly not on the extent of the scopulation of protarsus il. (Homeomma).
I am so far unable to satisfy myself that either Ischnocolus, Auss., Chaetopelma, Auss., or Cratorrhagus, Simon, whose types are Eastern forms, have really any genuinely congeneric representatives in the West. So much confusion has arisen owing to a character, found commonly in immature forms, having been seized upon as
* T am unable to confirm by careful examination of the type specimen the figures of the tarsal appendages given by Ausserer.
14 ARANEIDEA.
of sectional value, including several distinct genera, that it is necessary, considering the difficulty of distinguishing mature from immature forms in this suborder, to be very cautious of including forms in the same genus on the grounds of a similarity in this respect. Caution is still more necessary in the case of forms from widely separate regions of the world.
Subfam. THERAPHOSINA.
A. Femur iv. with a distinct thick pad on the inner side. a. Tibia i. (g) with no spurs at the apex beneath.
Protarsus iv. with no thick scopula on the inner side . . Sxericoprtma, Auss. 6. Tibia i. (3) with two short spurs at the apex beneath. Protarsus iv. with a thick scopula on the inner side. . . Xenesrutis, E. Simon.
B. Femur iv. without distinct thick pad on the inner side or only a pair of hairs similar to those on the other segments of the legs. i. Tibize and protarsi iii. and iv. without spines, or at most one or two. a. Carapace more or less convex, anterior row of eyes strongly procurved . . . ...... =. . +. <Avicunarta, Lam. 6. Carapace more decidedly flat, anterior row of eyes straight. 2. 2. 2. ee. we we ee ee 6TaAPINAUCHENIUS, Auss. ii. Tibize and protarsi 11. and iv. with numerous spines. a. Scopula beneath the tarsi not divided longitudinally by a narrow band (or row) of set or spines. a*, Tibial spurs more or less long and slender. Apex of labium studded with numerous cuspules, closely
clustered. 1. Thoracic fovea normal, transverse, concave . . Euryprrtma, C. Koch. 2. Thoracic fovea abnormal, circular, with central conical development . . . . . . . . . . SpHa#rozoruria, Karsch. 6*, Tibial spurs very short and stout. Apex of labium studded with a few scattered cuspules only. - Parapuysa, E. Simon.
6. Scopula beneath the tarsi divided longitudinally by a band (or row) of spines or setz. 1*, Scopula divided by a row of fine setz. * Scopula beneath tarsus iv. only so divided. aa. Tibia i. (3) with two long spurs at the apex beneath . 2... . ee, Hapatopus, Auss. 6b, Tibia i. (3) with one spur only, or none, at the apex beneath. 1. Tibia i. (d) with one spur only (spinigerous) on the inner side at the apex beneath and several (7-8) spines on the outer side. Pro- tarsus li. scopulate to the base . . . . SCHIZOPELMA, gen. nov.
SERICOPELMA. 15
2. Tibia i. (¢) without spurs, but with two pairs of spines at the apex beneath. Protarsus 1.
scopulate on the apical half only . . . . Merrropenma, Becker. ** Scopula beneath the tarsi ili. and iv., or 1., i1., i11., and iv.,so divided . . . . . . (No Central-American genera yet discovered.) ii*. Scopula divided by a row of spines. Scopula of tarsi i., ii., li, & iv.sodivided . . . . . . . ACANTHOPELMA, gen. nov. SERICOPELMA.
Eurypelma, subg. Sericopelma, Ausserer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxv. p. 195 (1875).
Femur iy. with a thick scopuliform pad on the inner side. Tibia i. with a few spines only (no spurs) at the apex beneath. Tibia and patella i. equal in length to tibia and patella iv. Carapace longer than broad.
The above diagnosis is based on spiders which evidently belong to this genus as subsequently characterized by Simon. His diagnosis of the eye-position, however, does not apply: “ Oculi antici intervallum mediorum oculo angustius”; neither does the diagnosis where he separates Theraphosa and Sericopelma from Acanthoscurria: *¢ Oculi antici in lineam valde procurvam (margine antico mediorum pone marginem posticum lateralium sito),” for the former; and for Sericopelma: “ Oculi antici in lineam minus procurvam (margine antico mediorum ante centrum lateralium sito).” This latter characterization applies exactly to the four males before me from Chiriqui, the same locality from whence Simon’s specimen, which he identifies as Sericopelma rubronitens, Auss., was obtained.
Hither this characterization of the eye-position is not of generic importance, but merely specific, or even perhaps individual, as I strongly suspect, or it is of generic importance. In the latter case the four males from Chiriqui would belong to a new genus between Acanthoscurria and Sericopelma, differing from the former by the absence of spurs beneath tibia i. and from the latter by the eye-position.
I do not, however, believe that these males are generically distinct from those of Sericopelma, and I therefore diagnose the genus by the same characters as those given by Simon, but without laying stress on the eye-position, for I fully expect Simon’s male from Chiriqui and mine from the same place to belong at any rate to the same genus, even if they are not specifically identical.
1. Sericopelma communis, sp.n. (Tab. I. figg. 11, 11 a-c, 3.) Type, d, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
é. Total length 70 millim. Carap, 27-25 x 23-25; ceph. area 17. Legs: i. 94; ii. 88; iii. 88; iv. 106. Pat.+tib. i. 29; iv. 29. Prot.i.17; iv. 26. Oc. tumulus 3:5 x8.
3. Body and legs entirely coffee-brown, the carapace, femora, abdomen, and lower parts darker. The patelle and tibie of all four pairs of legs with the normal double lines paler russet-brown. Protarsi i. and ii. with a sinuous bar of russet-brown passing from the outer side at the base to the inner side towards the apex. Legs of first two pairs clothed with short russet-brown hairs, of third and fourth pairs with
16 ARANEIDEA.
longer russet-brown hairs. Anterior and lateral margins of the carapace fringed with rufous hairs. Abdomen clothed with long rufous hairs. : ;
Carapace a little longer than broad. Central fovea small, transverse-oval, straight. Ocular tumulus a little broader than long. Anterior row procurved ; anterior margin of centrals cutting the middle of laterals, at least one diameter apart (often more), scarcely one diameter to laterals. Longitudinal diameter of laterals greater than diameter of centrals. Sternum longer than broad (12+9), not including labial plate; the latter at the apex, as well as the base of the coxa of pedipalp on the anterior basal angle, studded with numerous cuspules. Protarsi i. and ii. scopulate to the base, and of ii. spinose at the base. Protarsus iii. scopulate on the apical half, of iv. not scopulate, or very slightly 80 at the apex. Femora, tibie, and protarsi more or less spinose, especially iii. and iv. Femur iv. with thick scopulate pad on inner side. Tibia i. with one spine on the outer side and two or three spines on the inner side at the apex beneath. No spurs.
Pedipalp.—Tibia with 5-6 spines on the inner side. Bulb from outer side piriform, truncate and broadly dilate and spatuliform at the apex. Margins cariniform and raised, the apex terminating in a short stout tooth. One central sinuous carina only at the back.
Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Champion).
The type of this species, together with three other specimens, all adult males, were taken by Mr. Champion in Chiriqui. Unfortunately, no females were found. It is highly possible that this species is identical with Sericopelma rubronitens, Auss., or Theraphosa panamana, Karsch, or with both; but I believe it to be distinct from the form which Simon regards as identical with the former. Since no satisfactory conclusion can be arrived at save by an examination of the specimens involved, I have described the form taken by Mr. Champion as a new species.
2. Sericopelma rubronitens. Sericopelma rubronitens, Auss. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxv. p. 195, t. 7. fig. 37"; E. Simon, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 3327.
Type, 3, in Zool. Hofmuseum in Wien.
Hab. Panama! 2, Chiriqui 2.
3. Sericopelma panamana. Theraphosa panamana, Karsch, Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturw. liii. p. 845 (1880) '.
Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (ibbe, in Mus. Berol.1).
Simon regards this as identical with 8. rubronitens, Auss., since it was taken in the same locality.
Without examining the specimen I cannot offer an opinion. Karsch’s descriptions are inadequate.
XENESTHIS. Xenesthis, E. Simon, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 382 (1890).
Femur iv. with a thick scopuliform pad on the inner side. Tibia i. (¢) with two stout spurs on the inner side at the apex. Protarsus iv. thickly scopulate on the inner side. Tarsi not divided by a row of sete.
XENESTHIS.—EURYPELMA. 17
1. Xenesthis colombiana. Xenesthis colombiana, E. Simon, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 333°. Type, ¢, in coll. E. Simon, Paris.
Hab. Panama },
I have not seen a specimen of this species.
SPHROBOTHRIA. Spherobothria, Karsch, Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturw. lii. p. 535 (1879).
Femur iv. without a scopuliform pad on the inner side. Thoracic fovea circular, with large conical tumulus occupying the centre. Tibiai.(¢) with two spurs at the apex beneath. Legs, especially tibia and protarsi ili. and iv., spinose. Tarsal scopula not divided by a row of sete.
1. Spherobothria hoffmanni. (Tab. I. figg. 12, 12 a-d, ¢.)
Spherobothria hoffmanni, Karsch, Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturw. lii. p. 536, t. 7. figg. 1, 2 (1879) '; E. Simon, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 337’; O. P.-Cambr. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn. Aran. p. 89, t. 12. figg. 1, la (9), 2,2a-d(<¢)*.
Hab. Costa Rica (Hoffmann, in Mus. Berol.? ; Rogers *), San José (Tristan).
It is more than probable that the forms figured in our first volume? are identical with Karsch’s species, though it will be difficult to decide with certainty should other species of the genus be found in the same locality.
EURYPELMA.
Eurypelma, C. Koch, Uber. Arachn. v. p. 73 (1850).
Brachypelma, E. Simon, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 338 (1890).
Type Eurypelma avicularia, C. Koch, Uber Arachn. v. p. 73 (1850) (nec Linn.) = Zurypelma rubropilosa, Auss. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxi. p. 213; E. Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. éd. 2, i. p. 166 (1892).
Femur iv. without scopuliform pad on the inner side. Protarsus iv. without scopuliform pad on the inner side. Legs very spinose, more or less hairy, longer and more slender, shorter and stouter. Carapace longer than, or as long as, broad. Protarsus ii. scopulate to the base. Apical half, apical third, or only extreme apex of protarsus iv. scopulate. Tarsal scopula not divided by a row of sete. Tibia i. (d )
armed with two spurs, of greater or less length and strength. Labium with numerous spinules at the apex.
Males.
I. Legs, carapace, and abdomen clothed with simple hairs and pube- scence. Sternum not more than one-sixth longer than broad. A. Carapace entirely clothed with pale grey or rose-grey pubescence (cephalic area suffused with brown). Apical half of protarsus iv. scopulate. a. Tibie and base of protarsi of legs clothed with long fiery-red hairs . oe ee ee ee ee ee ee ww ww emilia, White. BIOL. CENTR. AMER., Arach. Aran., Vol. II., September 1897. pf
18 ——
b. Legs entirely clothed with brown hairs.
1. Bulb of palpus short, lanceolate, truncate. Protarsus i. slightly longer than tibiai. Patella + tibia i. slightly shorter than patellat+tibiaiv., . . . ‘ a ae ee
2. Bulb of palpus elongate, aculeate, geniculate at apex. Pro- tarsus i. slightly shorter than tibia i. Patella + tibia i. as long as patella +tibia iv.
B. Carapace entirely clothed with sandy- brown, ‘dark. brown, or + black pubescence. Apical third, or extreme apex only, of protarsus iv. scopulate.
i, Protarsus i. straight throughout. Protarsus iv. much longer than carapace, almost as long as patella + tibia iv. taken together.
1. Protarsus iv. only one-fifth longer than cephalic area. Bulb shorter, more abruptly geniculate, and more spatuliform at apex; serrations on lower margin coarser ; exhibiting on inner side, at apex, a distinct central carina . Le
9, Protarsus iv. nearly one-third longer than cephalic area. Bulb longer, less abruptly geniculate, more aculeate at apex ; serrations on lower margin very minute; inner side, at apex, without central carina
ii. Protarsus i., in profile, curved at base; protarsus iv. scarcely longer than carapace, not longer than tibia + half patella iv. a. Bulb of palpus elongate and more or less aculeate at apex. i. Bulb more or less abruptly geniculate towards apex.
1. Bulb very abruptly geniculate towards apex, not spatuli- form viewed from in front, but aculeate and abruptly and evenly curved outwards, its apex being broadly potted . . . - woe ee er
2. Bulb less abruptly geniculate towards apex, spatuliform viewed from in front, aculeate, slightly sinuous, and less abruptly curved outwards . ‘ 5
ii. Bulb gradually curved towards apex ; viewed from in front almost straight, less strongly curved outwards
b. Bulb of palpus shorter, truncate, broad-spatuliform at apex.
1. Size much larger: length 40-55 millim. Bulb much longer, broader spatuliform, and concave in front at apex. Tibia of palpus with 2 or 3 spines on inner side .
2, Size much smaller: length 30 millim. Bulb much shorter, narrower and more attenuate towards apex. Tibia of palpus with 4 or 5 spines on inner side .
II. Legs, carapace, and abdomen clothed with thick, tufted, woolly pube- scence. Sternum one-third longer than broad. Protarsus iv. without any scopula. Tibia i. with double spur beneath. Palpal bulb broad, spatuliform, with 3 to 5 shallow carinze behind .
caniceps, EK. Sim.
pallidum, sp. 0.
serratum, E. Sim.
lonyipes, sp. 1.
truncatum, sp. n.
spatulatum, sp. n.
rusticum, E. Sim.
vagans, Auss.
lanceolatum, E. Sim.
mesomelas, O. P.-Cambr.
EURYPELMA. 19
Females.
A. Carapace entirely clothed with pale rosy-grey pubescence. Carapace scarcely longer than broad. Apical half of protarsus iv. scopulate. 1. Patellee, apex of tibiz, and protarsi clothed with dull red hairs.
Protarsus i. shorter than length of cephalic area . . . . . smithi, sp. n. 2.* Legs entirely clothed with brown hairs, not annulated with red. Protarsus i. not shorter than cephalic area . . . . . . . . pallidum, sp. n.
B. Carapace entirely clothed with sandy-grey or chocolate-brown pube- scence. Carapace always distinctly longer than broad. Apical third, or extreme apex only, of protarsus iv. scopulate. a. Legs with distinct pale longitudinal lines on the base of the pro- tarsi and on the dorsal surface of the tibie and patelle, and indistinctly on the femora. 1. Carapace much longer than broad (23 x 18 millim.). Body much paler yellow, sandy-grey. Abdomen not clothed with fiery-red hairs. .. 2 ee - oe +.) 6Seemanni, sp. Nn. 2. Carapace alittle longer than broad (26 x 24 millim.), " Body much darker, brown. Abdomen clothed with long fiery-red hairs . sabulosum, sp. n. 6. Legs without pale lines; unicolorous brown. 1. Protarsus iv. not or scarcely longer than cephalic area. . . . vagans, Auss. 2. Protarsus iv. much longer than cephalic area (20 5—15°5 millim.). aa. Patella + tibia i. equal to carapace. Patella+tibia i. longer than patella+tibiaiv. . . . . . Jongipes, sp.n. bb. Patella+ tibia i. much shorter than carapace. Patella + tibia i. a little shorter than patella+tibia iv. . . . panamense, E. Sim.
Notr.—At first sight, the differences in the eye-positions would appear to afford good distinctive specific characters. Careful comparison of numerous specimens, however, proves that these being very liable to individual variation are not to be relied upon for purposes of specific identification and distinction. The best characters I have been able to find are those furnished by the colour of the hairy clothing and the comparative measurements of the posterior protarsi and the carapace and cephalic area. These characters cannot be con- sidered as thoroughly satisfactory, but they must suffice in the absence of better ones.
1. Kurypelma emilia. (Tab. II. figg. 5, 5a,0, 3.)
Mygale emilia, White, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 185, t. 43°.
Brachypelma emilia, E. Simon, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 338 (1890)*; Hist. Nat. Araign. éd. 2,1. p. 168 (1892) *.
Type non-existent. Type of genus Brachypelma in coll. E. Simon, Paris.
o. Carap., length 24, breadth 22 millim.; ceph. area, length 16; ocular tumulus 3x 2°5; mandib. 10. Legs: 1.78; ii. 73; iii. 68; iv. 81—i. fem. 19, pat. 10, tib. 18, prot. 14, tars. 10-—ii. fem. 11, pat. 9, tib. 12, prot. 13, tars. 10—ili. fem. 15, pat. 8°5, tib. 12, prot. 13, tars. 9°5—iv. fem. 19, pat. 10, tib. 15, prot. 18, tars. 11 millim.
* The females of HL. emelia, White, and L. caniceps, K. Sim., are not ‘enowni but will probably fall in this
section. pf 2
20 ARANEIDEA.
Hab. Mexico, Ciudad and Ventanas? in Durango (Forrer: ¢); Panama (coll. Simon: 3g); CentraL America (Seemann 1).
Besides the original type described by White, two adult males were captured by Mr. Forrer in Mexico, and one adult male exists in the collection of M. HE. Simon. The above measurements were taken from this last-mentioned specimen. No temales have yet been found apparently, and therefore no notes as to the habits of this fine species have been made.
I am unable to recognize the generic distinction between Brachypelma, Simon, and Eurypelma, Koch, based on the fact of the apical half of protarsus iv. being scopulate and the legs clothed with long hairs. Eurypelma vagans presents these characters, and of the numerous species before me which I assign to Eurypelma there are intermediates in the case of both of them.
I believe, however, that the characters noted by M. Simon indicate a number of species which perhaps make up a natural and convenient group in the genus.
2. HKurypelma smithi, sp.n. (Tab. I. fig. 4, 2.) Type, 2, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
Q. Total length 60 millim. Carap., length 21, breadth 20; ceph. area 13°5; ocular tumulus 2°5 x 2; mand. 9°5. Legs: i. 73°5; ii. 70; iii. 68; iv. 81—i. tib.+pat. 23, tib. 13°5, prot. 12°5—iv. tib.+ pat. 23, tib. 15, prot. 19 millim. Tarsal claws not toothed.
@. Carapace pale orange, cephalic area suffused with brown ; anterior margin fringed with orange-rose hairs. Mandibles dark grey, clothed with long rose-coloured hairs. Abdomen clothed with dark velvety-brown pubescence, intersprinkled with long dull orange hairs. Sternum and coxe of legs deep brown. Labium and cox of pedipalps paler. Femora of legs deep brown, fringed with long hairs beneath. Patelle dull orange, clothed with long hairs. Tibi black in their basal half, dull orange in their apical half, clothed entirely with dull orange hairs. Protarsi almost entirely black, their apex dull orange, clothed throughout with long orange-grey hairs. Pedipalps of the same colour as the legs.
Differs little from the typical forms of the genus Zurypelma. Carapace almost as long as broad and flat. Fovea small, transverse, recurved. Tibia+ patella i. as long as tibia+patella iv. Protarsus iv. clothed beneath in the apical half with a thick scopula.
Hab. Mexico, Dos Arroyos in Guerrero 1000 feet (H. H. Smith).
At first sight, this interesting form might be taken for E. emilia (White), but in the three males of the latter before me the patella of the legs is entirely dark brown, while the hairs on the tibie and protarsi are of a much more fiery orange-red. Although so strikingly alike in general appearance, I have not the slightest hesitation in describing the single female from Dos Arroyos asa new species. The tarsal claws in the males above referred to E. emilia are toothed, while those of the present form are not. Mr. Smith says :—“ The red-legged species makes deep holes in banks, with a silken lining and slight exterior web.” It appears also highly possible that this form is the female of Eurypelma mesomelas, O. P.-Cambr., but the entire absence of the thick tufted hair so noticeable on the carapace, femora, and other joints of the legs in this latter species prevents me from recognizing them as identical. N
EURYPELMA. 21
8. Hurypelma pallidum, sp. n. (Tab. I. figg. 17, 17 a-c, ¢.) Type, 3, in coll. Godman & Salvin. 3. Total length 45 millim. Carap.17°5x16; ceph. areal2. Legs: i. 66; ii. 62; iii.60; iv. 70. Patella+ tibia i. 19°5; iv. 19°5. Protarsus i. 12; iv. 16. Tarsal claws toothed. 3. Carapace clothed with dull rose-grey pubescence. Legs brown, with short red-brown hairs. Abdomen
clothed with pale brown hairs.
Similar in general characters to other members of the genus, Tibia i. with a pair of stout spurs, the outer one more or less claviform. Protarsus i. not longer than tibia i. and as long as cephalic area; slightly curved at the base, seen in profile; protarsus iv. not so long as the carapace. Scopula beneath pro- tarsus iv. extending halfway along the joint from the apex.
Palpal bulb elongate-piriform, attenuate, slightly compressed and directed upwards at the apex, lateral view ; apex directed abruptly outwards, front view. Apical third of the labium and inner anterior basal angle of the coxa of the pedipalp studded with numerous minute cuspules.
The female closely resembles the male. It has the abdomen clothed with brown and scattered fiery-red hairs.
Hab. Mexico, Chihuahua (Montague Kerr: 3), Amula and Venta de Zopilote in Guerrero (H. H. Smith: @ ).
This fine species is closely allied to E. caniceps, Sim., though the form of the palpal bulb will prevent any confusion between the species. It is highly probable that the females recorded here belong to the two males here named L#. pallidum rather than to i. caniceps.
This spider presents the characters of Brachypelma, Sim. ‘Two adult males were taken by W. Montague Kerr in Chihuahua, and two adult females, and one young specimen of the same sex, by H. H. Smith in Guerrero.
4. Kurypelma caniceps. (Tab. II. figg. 6, 6a, 6, 3.)
Eurypelma caniceps, E. Simon, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 336, and p. 334, fig. 3°.
Type, ¢, in coll. E. Simon, Paris.
¢é. Total length 41 millim. Carap.18°5x18; ceph.area 13. Legs: i. 70; ii. 67; iii. 65; iv. 78—i. fem. 17, pat. 9, tib. 12, prot. 14, tars. 9—iv. fem. 18, pat. 8, tib. 14, prot. 17-5, tars. 9°5 millim.
The distinguishing feature in this beautiful form is the pale rose-grey pubescence on the carapace; otherwise the colour is similar to that of all the brown species of Hurypelma. Legs clothed with thick hair. Tarsal claws toothed. Abdomen clothed with long orange-red hairs.
Hab. Mexico, Guanajuato 1.
The type of this species has been submitted to me by M. E. Simon.
5. Hurypelma longipes, sp.n. (Tab. I. tigg. 15, 15 a-e, 3.) Type, ¢, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
¢. Total length 46 millim. Carap. 18 long., 16 lat.; ceph. area 12. Legs: i. 80; ii. 75; ili. 70; iv. 85. Patella+ tibia i. 25; iv. 24. Protarsi: i, 15°53; iv. 24 millim.
3. Entirely clothed with brown and sandy-grey hairs. Abdomen clothed with red-grey hairs. Ocular tumulus twice as broad as long. Legs very long andslender. Protarsus i. longer than cephalic area, straight. Pro- tarsus iv. much longer than the carapace. Scopula present on the extreme apex of protarsus iv. only. Tibia i. with a pair of elongate more or less slender spurs, the outer spur with two spines near the apex. Apical third of the labium and inner anterior basal angle of coxa of pedipalp studded with numerous
rae ARANEIDEA.
minute cuspules. Palpal bulb short, piriform, sinuous. depressed at the apex, not much attenuate, with very minute serrations beneath. ‘Tibia of palpus with four or five stout spines on the inner side.
Q. Total length 58 millim. Carap. 24x21; ceph. area 15:5. Oc. tumulus 3:25 x 2°5, Legs: i. 77; ul. 71; iii. 66; iv. 83. Pat.+tib. i. 24; iv. 23. Tib. i. 14; prot. i, 125. Tib. iv. 15; prot. iv. 20°5. Tarsus i. 9-5; tarsus iv. 9°5 millim.
@. Mahogany-brown, clothed entirely with rufous-brown hairs. Abdomen clothed with darker brown pubescence and long rufous-orange hairs.
Carapace gibbous in the cephalic area, profile view. Lateral impressions broad and strongly marked. Fovea straight, transverse, deep. Superior pair of spinners as long as the sternum (including labial plate). Protarsus i. scopulate to the base, not spinous at the base. Tibiwi. andii. with a few spines. Protarsi iii. and iv. with numerous spines beneath, iii. scopulate halfway, iv. scopulate only at the extreme apex. Tibiee iii. and iv, with a few spines beneath. Tarsal claws with eight or nine small teeth.
Hab. Mexico, Teapa in Tabasco (H. lI. Smith); Guatemata, Chicoyoito (Sarg, von Lurckheim), Cubilguitz, Coban, Salama, Rabinal (Sarg).
A single adult male (no. 410) was taken by Mr. Sarg at Chicoyoito. This specimen was found by Herr von Turckheim in his house. An adult female (no. 379) was also found by the same gentleman on his bed, fallen from the thatched roof. Called by the natives “araiia de caballo,” who believe that they injure horses and mules by biting them above the hoof, which drops off and renders the animal useless for a year or more. Mr. Sarg says, ‘‘ I have myself seen the effects, but am suspicious as to the cause.” He further remarks that the late S. Bernoulli noticed “arafas de caballo using short horsehair for lining their nests in the ground.” ‘This is probably an error of observation, for the short hairs seen were doubtless those shed by the spider itself. At Salama and Rabinal, says Mr. Sarg, where “arafias de caballo” abound, little boys capture them by “ bobbing” with a pellet of wax on a string. ‘The mandibles become fixed and the “arafia” is withdrawn from the burrow; subsequently the captives are set to fight in pairs, and afford “excellent sport.”
Three apparently immature examples of this same species are recorded by Mr. Sarg— one from Coban (no. 1254), one from Cubilguitz (no. 796), and one (no. 1525) without definite locality. Unfortunately the collector has not noted the conditions under which these specimens were captured.
Mr. Smith makes the following note:—“ No. 532. Teapa, March 14, under a log,
shady place, with egg-case (enclosed).” _ Iam unable to separate this specimen from examples of what I take to be the young of E. longipes, though from the note furnished by Mr. Smith one would suspect it to be adult. If this is the case, more examples will be required before the distinctive characters can be diagnosed. The legs of no, 532 present more distinctly the double pale line on the patellee and tibie than the others, which, as young specimens, I refer to L. longipes; so that it is not at all improbable that the former may eventually turn out to belong to a separate species.
EURYPELMA. 23
6. Eurypelma serratum, (Tab. I. figg. 16, 16a-¢, ¢.) Eurypelma serratum, E. Simon, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 336, and p. 334, fig. 4°,
Type, d, in coll. E, Simon, Paris.
3. Total length 30-35 millim. Carap.15 x 145; ceph. area 10. Legs: 1.66; i1. 62; ii, 57; iv. 70—i. fem. 16, pat. 8, tib. 12, prot. 12, tars. 9—iv. fem. 15, pat. 6-5, tib. 13, prot. 18, tars. 9°5 millim.
Entirely brown, of the hue usually presented by species of the genus. Legs very long. Posterior protarsi almost as long as the tibia and patella together. Legs clothed with very short hairs. Tarsal claws toothed.
Hab. Mexico}. ‘The type of this species has been kindly submitted to me by M. E. Simon.
7. Hurypelma truncatum, sp.n. (Tab. I. figg. 21, 214, 3.) Type, ¢, in coll. Godman and Salvin.
3. Total length 26 millim, Carap. 183x115; abd. 13; sternum 6x6; coxa of pedipalp 6 x 25; mandible 6. Legs: i. 49; ii. 46; iii, 44-5; iv. 55—4. coxa 6, troch. 2°5, fem. 12°5, pat. 6, tib. 10, prot. 8°5, tars. 7— ii. coxa 5, troch. 2°5, fem. 11, pat. 5°25, tib. 8, prot. 8°5, tars. 5—iil. coxa 5, troch. 2°5, fem. 10, pat. 5, tib. 7°5, prot. 9, tars. 5-5—iv. coxa 5, troch. 2°5, fem. 13-5, pat. 5:5, tib. 10, prot. 12°5, tars. 6-75. Ocular tumulus 2x1, anterior marg. 6; clypeus 0°5, anterior marg. to fovea 9, fovea to post. marg. 4°75 ; mam. sup. 5 millim.
¢. Carapace mahogany-brown, clothed with ferruginous hairs. Sternum and coxe of legs clothed with darker ferruginous hairs; coxe of pedipalp paler, the inner margin fringed with rufous hairs. Legs pale sandy- ferruginous. Abdomen dark brown, clothed with ferruginous hairs. Mandibles brown, clothed with ferruginous hairs; margins of fang-groove clothed with rufous hairs.
Carapace very little longer than broad. Fovea placed more than two-thirds towards the base. Eye-tumulus twice as broad as long; central portion raised, bearing central anterior eyes. Anterior row of eyes procurved, almost equidistant; centrals one diameter apart, three-fourths diameter from laterals. Posterior laterals and centrals contiguous, almost one diameter ot former from anterior laterals. Sternum longer than broad, Sigilla 3, submarginal. Labial plate broader than long (or almost the same), its apical fourth studded with numerous minute cuspules. Coxa of pedipalp scarcely twice its width, distal, the anterior angle slightly produced; basal anterior angle studded with minute cuspules. Legs 4, 1, 2, 3, spinose, especially tibiee and protarsi iii, and iv. beneath. Tibia i. with a bilobate process at the apex beneath ; outer branch twice as long as the inner, curved inwards and upwards. Protarsus 1. slightly curved at base. Protarsi and tarsi i. and ii. entirely and thickly scopulate. Tarsi ili, and iy. entirely scopulate. Pro- tarsus iii. with apical two-thirds svopulate ; iv. with apex only scopulate and spinose. Pedipalp: Tibie set with 9-10 spines on the inner side, a cluster of five or six at the apex. Tarsus short, globose ; bulb normal; apex prolonged, slightly spatuliform, abruptly curved outwards at the extremity.
Hab. Mexico (fF. D. Godman).
Two males. ‘This species appears to be closely allied to E£. caniceps, Sim., but has twice as many spines on the inner side of the tibia of the pedipalp, whilst the bulb is much more prolonged at the apex and more abruptly curved outwards (see Simon’s fig., Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 334, fig. 3).
Protarsus i. being shorter than tibia i. precludes the possibility of its specific identity with E. helluo, E. rusticum, E. steindachneri, and E. hentzi (see Simon’s Table, loc. cit. pp. 821, 322), and fiom E. marai it is easily distinguished by the greater number
24 ARANEIDEA.
of spines on the tibia of the pedipalp, 9-10, while in E. marai there are only 2 (sec. Simon).
8. Eurypelma spatulatum, sp.n. (Tab. I. figg. 19, 194, b, 3.) Type, ¢, in Brit. Mus., ex coll. Keyserling.
gd. Length —? Carapace 18x17; abdom.?; sternum 7X5°5; coxa of pedip. 7x4; mandible 8 millim, Legs ???? Ocular tumulus 2x 2, anterior margin to fovea 12, fovea to posterior margin 5:5 millim.
g. Carapace, sternum, abdomen, and legs dark ferruginous-brown, clothed with sandy-grey pubescence and long hairs. Leg i. has on the femur outside a long lanceolate pale band and two narrow sandy-grey dorsal lines. Patella with two pale lanceolate bars enclosing a similar brown bar. Tibia with two pale narrow dorsal grey bars; base of protarsus with a short, central, narrow pale bar. (In all probability all four pairs of legs are similarly marked, but some are missing.)
Carapace a little longer than broad. Cephalic area occupying more than two-thirds the length of the carapace. Eye-tumulus as long as broad; central portion raised, bearing anterior central eyes. Anterior row of eyes procurved; longitudinal axis of laterals a little longer than the diameter of the centrals; centrals one diameter apart, half a diameter from laterals. Posterior eyes almost contiguous; centrals smaller ; laterals oval, one-half their longitudinal axis from anterior laterals. Sternum longer than broad. Sigilla 8, submarginal. Labial plate a little longer than broad, its apical third area studded with numerous cuspules. Basal anterior angle of the coxa of the pedipalp similarly studded; distal anterior angle slightly produced. Legs: Protarsus i. curved (in profile) at the base, as long as the tibia. Inner apex of tibia i. with two spurs beneath ; outer spur long, slender, curved upwards and slightly inwards, with a few cusps and a short conical tooth at the apex; inner spur shorter, but slender.
Tarsi and protarsi i. and ii. scopulate to the base. Tarsi iii. and iv. scopulate to the base. Protars us ili scopulate to the base; iv. scopulate for one-fourth its length at the apex.
Legs spinose, especially the tibiee: and protarsi iii. and iv. beneath. Protarsus iv. as long as the tibia and half the patella. Tarsal claws 2, with 5-6 minute separate denticules beneath.
Palpal bulb, seen from outside, elongate-piriform, concave-spatuliform towards the apex, attenuate and finely aculeate at the apex itself, slightly curved and directed forwards. The outer margin of the spatulate portion forms a distinct carina; seen from in front, elongate-piriform, straight, the apex sinuo-spatuliform- aculeate, scarcely curved outwards.
Hab. Mexico (Mus. Brit., ex coll. Keyserling).
A single adult male.
9. Eurypelma rusticum. (Tab. I. figg. 20, 20a, ¢.) Eurypelma rusticum, E. Simon, Ann, Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. pp. 323°, 334’. Type, ¢, in coll. E. Simon, Paris. 3g. Total length 35 millim. Carap. 15x13; ceph. area 10. Legs: 1.57; ii. 52; iii. 49; iv. 61—i. fem. 14, pat. 6:5, tib. 10°5, prot. 10, tars. 6-5—iv. fem. 13-5, pat. 7, tib. 11, prot. 14:5, tars. 8.
The colour of this form is the same as that of the majority of the species of the genus; while the hairs on the legs are intermediate in length between those of the extreme forms. Tarsal claws toothed.
Hab. Norts America!, Fort Yuma, Arizona!?, and Texas?.—Nortuern Mexico], °4.e . . ° i Presidio, Santiago (Mara*), Mazatlan, Ventanas ?, Ciudad in Durango (Lorrer).
The type-specimen, from which our figures are taken, has been kindly submitted to | me by M. E. Simon for examination.
We have received three adult males of this species from Ciudad in Durango.
EURYPELMA. 25
10. Kurypelma vagans, (Tab. I. fig. 9, ¢.) Eurypelma vagans, Auss. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxv. p. 197, t. 7. fig. 41 (1875)'; E. Simon, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 334, fig. 17. Eurypelma dupontii, Becker, Compt. rend. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxii. p. exliii (1879) *. Type, ¢ and 9, in Brit. Mus., ex coll. Keyserling. ¢. Total length 40-55 millim. Hab. Mexico °, Dos Arroyos in Guerrero, Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith), Yucatan! ; GUATEMALA, Cahabon and Cubilguitz in Vera Paz (Sarg).—Co.omBia}.
Adult males have been received from Dos Arroyos and Cubilguitz, adult females and young from Teapa, and adult males and females and young from Cahabon.
Mr. Sarg notes that one of his specimens had a large cocoon, thereby confirming the fact of its maturity; also that he had captured an adult female at La Tinta, in the Polochic valley, running about in his hat, where it had taken refuge for the night.
Mr. Smith notes that he found an adult female at Teapa in a hole under a stone in an open field with clay soil (no. 321), also another (no. 1143) at Dos Arroyos, and adds, “The red-legged species make deep holes in banks, with a silken lining and slight exterior web,” referring also to EL. smith.
11. Eurypelma lanceolatum., (Tab. I. figg. 13, 13a, b, 3.) Eurypelma lanceolatum, EK. Simon, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 335, and p. 384, fig. 2°. Type, 3d, in coll. E. Simon, Paris.
g. Total length 30 millim. Carap.12 x9; ceph. area 8 millim. Legs: i. 48; ii. 41; ii. 39; iv. 50— i. fem. 12, pat. 5-5, tib. 10, pat. 7°5, tars. 5-5—ii. fem. 11, pat. 5, tib. 10, pat. 12, tars. — millim.
This small species is of the usual brown colour. The legs are not proportionately so long as in £. serratum, though they present the same general features, especially in the absence of hair. Tarsal claws toothed.
Hab. Nicaragua (Peckham }).
The type of this and of the following species have been kindly submitted to me by M. E. Simon for examination.
12. Kurypelma panamense. (Tab. I. fig. 5, 9.) Eurypelma panamense, E. Simon, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 337". Type, @, in coll. E. Simon, Paris.
©. Total length 52 millim. Carap. length 25, breadth 21:5; ceph. area, length 15; ocular tumulus, length 3, breadth 4; mandib. 12. Legs: i. 75; ii. 69; iii. 65; iv. 82—i. coxa 10, troch. —, fem. 16, pat. 10, tib. 18, prot. 12, tars. 9—ii. coxa 9, troch. —, fem. 15, pat. 9-5, tib. 11, prot. 11°5, tars. 9—iii. coxa 8, troch. —, fem. 14, pat. 9, tib. 10, prot. 11, tars. 9°5—iv. coxa 9, troch. —, fem. 18, pat. 9°5, tib. 14°5, prot. 19°5, tars. 10 millim. Tarsal claws toothed.
Hab. Mexico!; Guatemaral.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Arachu. Aran., Vol. II., September 1897. Ef
26 ARANEIDEA.
13. EHurypelma seemanni, sp. n. (Tab. III. fig. 1, 2.)
Type, 2, in coll. Brit. Mus., London.
2. Total length 57 millim. Carap. 23x18; abd. 26; sternum 11 x9; coxa of pedip. 9°5 x5; mandible 10. Legs: i. 70; ii. 64; iii. 59; iv. 73—i. coxa 10, troch. 5, femur 16, pat. 10, tib. 12, prot. 11, tars. 8 —ii. coxa 8-5, troch. 5, femur 16, pat. 9, tib. 10°5, prot. 10, tars. 8—iil. coxa 7, troch. 4, fem. 13°5, pat. 8, tib. 8°5, prot. 10, tars. 5—iv. coxa 8, troch. 4°25, fem. 17, pat. 9, tib. 12:5, prot. 15, tars. 8. Ocular tumulus 2°75, ant. marg. 13, ant. marg. to fovea 15, fovea to post. marg. 7. Mam. sup. 9°50; seg. 1. 3°D; li. 2°75; iii. 2°75 millim.
9. Carapace rich mahogany-brown, clothed with sandy-yellow pubescence; anterior margin fringed with short rufous hairs; lateral and posterior margins fringed with rufous hairs. Abdomen chocolate-brown, clothed with numerous sandy hairs, ferruginous along the sides. Ventral surface and mamille ferruginous. Sternum, mouth-parts, and the coxe of the legs ferruginous. Coxe of pedipalp and margins of fang- groove fringed with rufous hairs. Mundibles grey, clothed with mingled ferruginous and sandy-grey hairs. Femora of legs and pedipalp brown, with two narrow indistinct pale longitudinal lines above. Femora i., ii., and iii. and of pedipalp having on the outer side a long, lanceolate, pale mark extending over the basal two-thirds. Patella of pedipalp and of i., ii., iii., iv. brown, with a pair of pale sandy lanceolate bars on each, extending from the base to the apex, those on iii. and iv. twisted posteriorly at the apex. Tibie of pedipalp and of i., ii., iii., iv. brown, with a pair of thin, longitudinal, sandy bars extending from the base tothe apex. Protarsi i., ii., iii., iv. with a single short, narrow, central, basal sandy line. Tarsus of pedipalp with a single short, narrow, central, basal sandy line. Tarsi of i., ii., iii., and iv. unicolorous brown. Legs sandy-brown, clothed with ferruginous hairs below. Anterior margin of each segment fringed with short sandy hairs. Patella of all five appendages with a small sandy mark on the posterior side towards the base below.
Carapace about one-third longer than broad; cephalic area two-thirds the length of the carapace. Clypeus equal to half the length (longitudinal) of the eye-tumulus. Kye-tumulus slightly broader than long, ovate. Anterior row of eyes slightly procurved; eyes subequal, centrals one diameter apart, two-thirds from the laterals. Central posteriors contiguous with tle lateral posteriors, the latter one-half a transverse diameter from the lateral anteriors. Cephalic striz broad and shallow; cephalic area slightly, but not abruptly, raised from the fovea forwards, again inclined to the frontal margin. Fovea deep, straight, transverse, at bottom; upper margin broad-oval; posterior margin slightly emarginate in the centre. Inner margin of fang-groove with eight teeth, the base of the groove studded with minute cuspules. Coxa of pedipalp nearly twice as long as broad; inner distal angle produced into a short blunt spur; inner basal angle studded with numerous spinules. Labial plate slightly longer than broad, oval-quadrate, its apical fourth studded with numerous spinules. Sternum longer than broad, the anterior margin concave, the posterior margin terminating in a point, reaching the centre of the base of coxe iv. Legs j. and ii. stouter than iii. andiv. Tibia i.=4-5 millim. wide; tibia iv.=3°75 millim. wide. ‘ibie and protarsi i., ii., iil., and iv. more or less spinose. Protarsi and tarsi i. and ii. clothed beneath with a thick scopula, Protarsus iii. with the apical half and the whole of tarsus iii. scopulate. Protarsus iv. with the apical third and the whole of tarsus iv. scopulate. Protarsi iii. and iv. very spinose beneath, including several spines at the apex. Coxe of the legs subsimilar in width, those of iv. wider in proportion to length. Tarsal claws 2.
Hab. N.W. Costa Rica, Puerto Culebra (Seemann).
Of this species 1 have examined an adult female, and also a young example of the same sex.
14. Eurypelma sabulosum, sp. n. Type, 9, in coll. Godman & Salvin. Q. Total length 65 millim, Carap. 26x24; ceph. area 18; oc. tum. 3:25 x 2:5, Legs: i. 73; ii. 68; iii. 62; iv. 75. Pat.+tib. i, 23; iv. 22. Prot. iv. 16 millim. 9. Entirely clothed with chocolate-brown hairs, inclining to rufous. Abdomen with long scattered fiery-red
EURYPELMA.—PARAPHYSA. 27
hairs. Protarsi with a short basal central pale bar ; tibiee with a pair of parallel pale bars ; patelle with a pair of lanceolate pale sandy-grey bars. Underside clothed with rich chocolate-brown hairs.
Patella+ tibia i. shorter than patella+tibia iv. Protarsus i. shorter than cephalic area. Protarsus iv. shorter than cephalic area, scopulate on the apical third ; very spinose.
Anterior legs slightly stouter than the posterior.
Hab. Guatemaua, Tikal, Peten (A. P. Maudslay).
This fine species is allied to E. seemanni, but the carapace is broader in proportion to its length, and the whole body is paler.
An adult female (no. 1043) was taken at Tikal, Peten, by Mr. Maudslay, who gave it to Mr. Sarg. The collector gives no note as to habitat. merely remarking that it was found with a cocoon. It is doubtless a burrow-dweller, and, except for the spines on the legs, closely resembles species of the genus Santaremia, F. P.-Cambr., from Brazil and the Antilles.
15. Eurypelma mesomelas, (Tab. I. figg. 14, 14 a-d, ¢.) Eurypelma mesomelas, O. P.-Cambr. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn.-Aran. p. 90, t. ll. figg. 8, 8a-e*(g)’. Type, ¢, in coll. Godman & Salvin. Hab. Costa Rica, Caché (Rogers'), La Palma (Tristan).
Three adult males of this species were obtained by Mr. Rogers; and one has been received from the Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, found at La Palma by Mr. J. F. Tristan.
This form is remarkable for the velvety, woolly clothing on the carapace and abdomen, and on the femora and other joints of the legs. There is also scarcely a trace of scopula at the apex of protarsus iv. ‘The tarsal claws are toothed. It might be advisable to separate this species from Hurypelma, but at present I prefer to leave it in the group where it was first placed.
PARAPHYSA. Paraphysa, E. Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. éd. 2, i. p. 166 (1892). Type (do) P. manicata, KE. Simon, South America.
Femur iv. without scopuliform pad on the inner side. Protarsus iv. without scopuliform pad on the inner side. Legs spinose, more or less hairy, long and slender. Protarsus ii. scopulate to the base ; apical third of protarsus iv. scopulate. Tarsal scopula not divided by a row of sete. ‘Tibia i.(¢) armed with two very short, stout spurs. Labium with only a few spinules at the apex.
1. Paraphysa manicata. (Tab. I. figg. 18, 18 a, 4, 3.) Paraphysa manicata, E. Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. éd. 2, i. p. 166, nota’.
Hab. Mexico (Mus. Brit., ex coll. Keyserling).—Sovutn America!, Peru.
There are several males of this species from Peru in the British Museum, and these
* In the explanation of tab. xi. nothing is said about the figure 8¢: it represents, as is perfectly obvious, a portion of one of the first pair of legs. Et 2 fo sud
28 ARANEIDEA.
enable me to identify Keyserling’s specimen as P. manicata. It is possible, however, that the locality “‘ Mexico” is not correct.
SCHIZOPELMA, gen. nov.
Femur iv. without internal scopuliform pad. Tarsus iv. with a narrow longitudinal row of sets beneath. Tibia i. (¢) with a short stout spur on the inner side at the apex beneath, and numerous spines on the outer side. Protarsus ii. scopulate to the base. Protarsus iv. scopulate at the apex. yes, sternum, and mouth-parts as in Hurypelma.
Type Schizopelma bicarinatum, sp. 2.
A. (3). Bulb of pedipalp short, stout, piriform, strongly geniculate; apex
excavate on the outer side, bifid, exhibiting a short sharp spine
beneath, with two well-marked carine on the dorsal and inner
sides, encircling the bulb longitudinally . . - - »- + + - bicarinatum, sp. n. B. (g). Bulb of pedipalp short, piriform, simple, not geniculate ; apex
broadly pointed, deflected, not attenuate nor bifid, without
caring . . 1 ee ee ee ew ee ee ee ee + macropus (Auss.).
1. Schizopelma bicarinatum, sp. n. (Tab. II. figg. 11, 1la-c, ¢.) Type, d, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
g. Total length 23 millim. Carap. 13°5 x 11:5; ceph. area 8-5; oc, tumulus 1:75x2. Legs: i. 50; ii. 46; iii. 44; iv.56. Pat.+tib.i.15; iv. 16, Prot. i. 8-5; iv. 13-5. Sternum 6-5 x5 (not incl. labial plate).
g. Sternum and legs entirely clothed with brown pubescence and pale rufous hairs. Carapace and mouth- parts clothed and fringed with short rufous hairs and pubescence. Abdomen clothed with long bright rufous hairs.
Carapace a little longer than broad. Ocular tumulus slightly broader than long. Anterior lateral eyes less than one transverse diameter from the centrals; anterior row procurved and otherwise as in genus Eurypelma. Sternum longer than broad. Labial plate and coxe of pedipalp at the inner anterior basal angle set with numerous cuspules. Tarsus iv. with a narrow longitudinal row of sete, dividing the scopula, beneath. Protarsus i. scopulate to the base, with 7-8 spines on the basal half beneath. Protarsus ii. scopulate to the base, but intermingled with simple hairs in the basal half, with 5-6 spines beneath. Tibia i. with a short conical spur on the inner side at the apex, crested with a single spine and two others on its outer side; and with two spines on the outer margin; otherwise with numerous spines on the outer side and beneath. Apical half of protarsus ili. scopulate. Apical third, at least, of protarsus iv. scopulate. Tibiz and protarsi iii. and iv. numerously spinose.
Pedipalp. Tibia with 1-3 spines on the inner side. Bulb short, stout, piriform, strongly geniculate, apex excavate on the outer side, bifid, exhibiting a short sharp spine beneath; with two well-marked carine on the dorsal and inner sides, encircling the bulb longitudinally.
2. Total leugth 35 millim. Carap. 14x12; ceph. area 9; oc. tumulus 2x 2:25, Legs: i. 43; ii. 39; iii. 38; iv. 48. Pat.+tib.i.14; iv. 14. Prot. i. 65; iv. 10. Sternum 6 x 6 (not incl. labial plate). Coloured as in the male sex. Central fovea, as in male, transverse-oval, deep. Tarsus iv. with a narrow longitudinal row of sete beneath. Protarsus i. scopulate to the base, with two stout spines in the basal half. Protarsus iii. scopulate on the inner side, but not entirely on the outer side, where are set 5-6 stout spines and long sete. Apical half of protarsus iii., and the apical third of protarsus iv., seopu- late, the latter two parts set also with numerous spines. Labial plate as in the male.
with 4—5 minute teeth.
Hab. Mexico, Xautipa in Guerrero (H. H. Smith).
Tarsal claws
An adult male, two adult females, and an immature specimen of the latter sex of
SCHIZOPELMA. 29
this distinct species have been received from Mr. Smith. The form of the palpal bulb of the male is evidently very similar to that of Eurypelma striatipes, Auss., though it is not likely that the two forms are identical.
2. Schizopelma macropus. (Tab. I. figg. 10, 10a, ¢.) Crypsidromus macropus, Auss. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxv. p. 179, t. 6. figg. 24, 25 (1875)*.
Type, ¢, in Brit. Mus., ex coli. Keyserling. Hab. Mexico, Orizaba }.
Under Crypsidromus*, Ausserer included at any rate two forms with tarsus iv. divided beneath—C. macropus and C. pernizx—adult males, each of which must be referred to a different genus. For the first, the type, having only one spur beneath tibia i. at the apex, with dicarinatum, sp. n., I have founded the genus Schizopelma.
* Crypsipromus, Auss. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxi. p. 193 (1871).
Ausserer, in his diagnosis of the genus Crypsidromus, gives no character whereby one may clearly understand on what his genus is based. The diagnosis is apparently drawn from a female, though he does not say so. The characters given would apply equally well to an immature female of the genus Hurypelma. I have not seen the type, C. isabellinus, Auss., and therefore hesitate to refer any species to the genus Crypsidromus, Auss.
Of the forms in Keyserling’s collection referred by Ausserer to C. pernia and C. macropus, the former differs so much from the latter that they cannot be retained in the same genus, and after such a discovery one is naturally still more disinclined to refer any particular form to Crypsidromus until the actual type-
specimen can be examined.
Crrtosternum, Ausserer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxv. p. 176 (1875).
Type C. cursor, 2, Auss. All that Ausserer says of the type is:—“In der Sammlung des Herrn Grafen Keyserling finden sich
mehrere Weibchen dieser Art aus St. Domingo.”
The specimens referred to are now before me and are quite distinct generically from the other forms allied to Crypsidromus, which fall readily into Cyrtopholis, Sim. (in part) (see Table in Nat. Hist. Araign. éd. 2, i. p. 143). This distinction, which Simon appears to have overlooked, lies in the circular convex sternum, as Ausserer clearly points out (Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxv. p. 176), “ Das Sternum sehr stark gewélbt, so lang als breit.”
The name Cyrtosternum being preoccupied, however, Simon has renamed the genus, of which C. cursor is the type, Cyrtopholis. As regards the identity of Crypsidromus innocuus, Auss., it is not possible to speak with certainty; but seeing that Ausserer was fully alive to the character furnished by the sternum of Crypsidromus, ‘‘Sternum linger als weit,” compared with that of Cyrtosternwm quoted above, it may be inferred that Cyrtopholis cursor (Auss.) is not congeneric with Crypsidromus innocuus, Auss. Why M. Simon should conclude that Cyrtosternum cursor, of which he says “‘ ’espéce type m’est inconnue,” is congeneric with a form which he identifies as Crypsidromus innocuus, Auss., I cannot suggest, except that he has overlooked the chief character given by Ausserer as distinctive of Cyrtosternum, and has seized on another character
which he regards, probably correctly, as insufficient for a generic distinction.
30 ARANEIDEA.
The second, C. pernix, having two long spurs beneath tibia i. and tarsus iv. divided beneath, is here separated under Ausserer’s genus Hapalopus.
HAPALOPUS. Ischnocolus, subgen. Hapalopus, Ausserer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxv. p. 175 (1875).
Type H. formosus, Auss. loc. cit. t. 6. figg. 17, 18, Santa Fé de Bogota, Colombia. Type in coll. Hof- museum, Vienna.
Tibie and protarsi iii. and iv. more or less spinose. Femur iv. without scopulate pad on the inner side. Protarsus ii. scopulate to the base. Tarsus iii. with an indistinct and tarsus iv. with a distinct narrow _row of sete dividing the scopula longitudinally. Tibia i. (male) with two stout spurs at the apex beneath. Sigilla: three pairs apparent.
M. E. Simon (Hist. ‘Nat. Araign. éd. 2, i. p. 141) regards Hapalopus, Auss., as identical with Cyclosternum, Auss. There seems to be no sufficient reason for such a conclusion; indeed, from examples before me, which undoubtedly belong to the former, which I identify as H. formosus, Auss. (from Colombia), and H. inflatus, Sim., besides several other species referable to the same genus, there is every reason to conclude otherwise. For, Ausserer says, “ Sternum even somewhat broader than long, convex” (“Sternum fast etwas breiter als lang, gewélbt”). “ Scopula, die an Tarsus iii, und iv. sowie am Endgliede der Palpen, durch ein breites Band von Stachelborsten getheilt ist.”
Simon makes no mention of the sternal character which Ausserer considered charac- teristic, if any one was, of his genus Cyclosternum, namely, its breadth and convexity.
Adult examples are before me which exhibit this character very distinctly; and I am therefore able to refer those not possessing this form of sternum, but possessing two spurs beneath tibia i. and the scopule of tarsus iv. divided, to Hapalopus, Auss. Confusion may arise if it is not borne in mind that immature examples of Hapalopus and other Theraphoside exhibit a sternum much more circular than is found in the adult form, and these might on that account be referred to Cyclosternum. ‘The sternum of the examples which I refer to above is, however, quite distinct in character from that found in the young of Hapalopus.
I have also before me two adult males of a form which I identify as Hapalopus inflatus, E. Sim., and in these the sternum is most decidedly longer than broad, measuring from the base of the labial plate, and not in any way convex. -
Whether M. Simon has seen the type of Cyclosternum schmarde, Auss., or not, I cannot say. If so, he must either have overlooked the chief character, or else Ausserer must have described a character which did not present itself. Whether the male referred by Simon to this latter species, of which he gives a figure in Hist. Nat. Araign. éd. 2, i. p. 138, really is identical with it, I cannot say, for Ausserer’s type was, for all he himself says to the contrary, a female. I therefore reserve
Cyclosternum for Ausserer’s original type schmarde, and Hapalopus for the type formosus, Auss.
HAPALOPUS. 31
a. Abdomen either orange with transverse-oblique lateral black slashes
(2) or black with lateral orange slashes (g). Palpal bulb deeply
cleft at the base behind, strongly geniculate ; apex very broad, slightly
spiraloid, bifid; outer branch large; inner branch much smaller.
Outer tibial spur very long and curved in a semicircular form, not
dilated at the apex and without a spine on the inner side. . . . . pentaloris, E. Sim. 6. Abdomen unicolorous brown. Palpal bulb not deeply cleft at the base,
bilobate, piriform; basal lobe compressed globular; apical lobe
concave in front, attenuate at the apex, its point directed outwards
and downwards. Outer tibial spur long, slightly dilated at the apex,
with a long spine on the inner side (g). . »- «. « - - « . « « pernix, Auss.
‘1. Hapalopus pernix. (Tab. II. figg. 14, 14a-c, 3.) Crypsidromus perniz, Auss. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxv. p. 178, t. 6. figg. 22, 23, 234 (1875)*. Type, ¢, in Brit. Mus. 3. Total length 27 millim. Carap. 11 long., 9 lat.; ceph. area 7. Legs: i, 39; ii. 37; iii, 37-5; iv. 46. Pat.+tib. i. 11; iv. 12. Prot. i. 7; iv. 11 millim, Hab. Mexico, Pic de Orizaba}!.
M. Simon (Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 330) also records this species from Guatemala. The Guatemalan specimen, a female, has been carefully examined by me, and its specific identity with Crypsidromus perniz, Auss. (the male type of which
is before me), is doubtful.
2. Hapalopus pentaloris. (Tab. II. figg.2, 2; 3,2, young; Tab. IIT. figg. 2, 2a-c, 3.) Crypsidromus pentaloris, E, Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1888, p. 216+; Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 3831 (1892) ’. Type, 2, in coll. E. Simon, Paris.
Hapalopus ruficeps, E. Simon, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. xvi. p. 109 (1891)*; Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 331°, Type, 2, in coll. E. Simon, Paris.
3. Total length 31 millim. Carap. 14 long., 12 lat.; ceph. area 8. Legs: i. 50; ii. 47; ili. 46-5; iv. 58. Pat.+tib. i. 15; iii, 125; iv. 16. Prot.i. 9°5; iv. 13 millim.
$. Carapace, legs, and sternum uniform chocolate-brown. Abdomen black, with pale central dorsal area and a few indistinct transverse oblique lateral stripes towards the apex.
2 (imm.)..The hues of the abdomen are much more conspicuous than in the adult. Carapace, legs, and sternum uniform pale chocolate-brown. Abdomen with pale orange central dorsal area, sometimes darker towards the apex, with five conspicuous rich orange transverse oblique lateral slashes, alternating with deep black intervals, narrower and more closely adjacent towards the spinners. Ventral area orange, with a broad black dentate central band. ‘The disposition of the bands and the coloration of the dorsal area vary with individuals.
32 ARANEIDEA.
3. Tibia i. bears two slender spurs, the outer being very long, directed inwards, and strongly uncate, without a spine; the inner short and straight, bearing a spine on the inner side. Protarsus i. very strongly curved about the middle; the scopula of tarsus iv. divided by a narrow band of sets beneath.
Palpal bulb somewhat resembling that of Pseudopelma bicarinatum in form, bifid at the base behind, strongly geniculate and bifid at the apex.
Hab. Guavemata, San Cristobal (Sarg), Vera Paz12, Guatemala city (Stoll) ; Costa Rica 34,
H. pentaloris may readily be distinguished from the other Central-American species of the genus by the orange-red stripes on the abdomen, the form of the bulb, and that of the spurs beneath tibia i.
An adult male and three immature females of a spider were found in a collection made in the vicinity of Guatemala city by Herr Otto Stoll which are evidently specifically identical with the adult female sent by M. E. Simon as the type of his Crypsidromus pentaloris. The immature examples also prove to my complete satis- faction that the small immature spider sent me by M. E. Simon under the name Cyclosternum ruficeps, but described in the works quoted above ** as Hapalopus ruficeps, is an immature specimen of this same H. pentaloris.
The examination, too, of the male, enables me to place this species in that genus which Ausserer assigned to those EKurypelmiform spiders of which the males have two spurs beneath tibia i. and the scopula of tarsus iv. divided.
I have now before me five examples of the species all in different stages of development, ranging from about three weeks old up to full maturity.
It is noteworthy that in the first two forms (Hapalopus ruficeps, EK. Sim., being the youngest) the tarsi of all four legs have the scopula divided, while the sternum is almost circular. In the next two more advanced forms the scopula of the last two pairs of legs alone is divided, and the sternum is more decidedly oval; while in the adult female (Crypsidromus pentaloris, E. Sim.) the scopula of tarsus iv. alone is divided, and the sternum is elongate-oval as it is in the aduit male now before me.
An adult male and three immature females have been received from Mr. Sarg from Guatemala.
METRIOPELMA. Meiriopelma, Becker, Compt. rend. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p. cclvi (Dec. 1878).
This genus was instituted by M. Becker for the reception of his Sericopelma breyeri, from Guanajuato, Mexico, which had been erroneously included in Ausserer’s Sericopelma. M. Becker’s diagnosis of his genus leaves little doubt that its chief characteristic is the absence of spurs beneath tibia i., their place being taken by spines. The author says “par Vabsence d’éperon au tibia du male” &c., while a few lines previously he says “chez le male, tibia de la premiére paire dépourvu d’épines, présentant en dessous, a l’extrémité, deux épines mobiles.” Doubtless “ d’épines” is a
METRIOPELMA. 30
misprint for “ d’éperons”; and although M. Becker does not mention the two pairs of spines noticeable beneath the tibie of the first pair of legs, at the apex, in the species described below under the name JM. spinulosum. still I have little doubt that this form is congeneric with M. breyeri of Becker. Whether it is specifically identical I cannot say, for Becker’s figures are not sufficiently detailed to enable one to judge with certainty. ‘The presence of the two longer teeth beneath the tarsal claws, however, would seem to indicate that the forms are specifically distinct. The following generic diagnosis is taken from MM. spinulosum :—
Femur iv. without scopuliform pad on the inner side. Protarsus ii. scopulate on the anterior half only. Protarsus iv. without scopula. Tibia i. (of male) without spurs at the apex, beneath, but with two pairs of spines only on the apical margin. Tarsus iv. with a narrow central longitudinal row of sets beneath, dividing the scopula. Legs slender. Tibie and protarsi more or less spinose.
1. Metriopelma breyeri. Sericopelma breyerii, Becker, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p. 77, t. 2. figg. 1-6 (July 1878) *. Metriopelma breyerii, Becker, Compt. rend. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p. celvii (Dec. 1878) *.
Type, ¢, in Museum Nat. Hist., Brussels. Hab. Mexico, Guanajuato (Dugés ').
If the drawing of the fourth pair of legs in the figure given by Becker is correct, in which the protarsi are much shorter than the carapace, then it may be doubtful if the species is congeneric with M. spinulosum, described below.
2. Metriopelma spinulosum, sp.n. (Tab. II. figg. 12, 12 a-d, ¢.) Type, ¢, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
3. Total length 29 millim. Carap. 12x11; ceph. area 8. Legs: 1. 49; 11.45; iii. 43; iv. 54. Pat.+tib. i. 15°25; iv. 15°25. Prot.i. 9; iv. 15. Sternum (not incl. labial plate) 5 x 5.
3. Body and legs entirely clothed with rusty-brown pubescence and hairs. Fringing hairs of mouth-parts paler rusty-brown, but not rufous.
Carapace scarcely longer than broad. Protarsus i. slightly longer than cephalic area. Protarsus iv. much longer than carapace. Patella+tibia i. equal to patella+tibia iv. Protarsus iv. almost or quite equal to patella+tibia iv. Ocular tumulus one-third broader than long. Anterior row of eyes procurved, and otherwise as in Hurypelma. Sternum not longer than broad; sigilla, three pairs, indistinct. Apical fourth of labium furnished with numerous cuspules, as also is the inner anterior basal angle of the coxa of the pedipalp.
Legs long, slender; tibize and protarsi more or less spinose. Protarsus i. straight throughout (in profile), scopulate to the base, with a short stout spine on each side in the basal half. Protarsus ii. scopulate on apical half only, with three spines in the basal half. Protarsus iii. scopulate on the apical third only, with numerous spines on all sides. Protarsus iv. entirely devoid of scopula, even at the apex, with numerous spines on all sides. Tarsus iv. with a very narrow central longitudinal row of fine sete beneath. Tarsal claws with 6-8 teeth. Tibia i. with two pairs of spines at the apex beneath, three more on the outer side, and two on the inner side. Tibia ii. similarly armed to tibia i. Central thoracic fovea small, deep, transverse-oval.
Pedipalp. Tibia furnished with five stout spines on the inner side at the apex. Bulb piriform, broadly pointed, and compressed at the apex, with some very minute serrations beneath. This form of bulb
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Arachn, Aran., Vol. 1I., September 1897. Ft
34 ARANEIDEA.
resembles very much that of Hurypelma longipes and E. serratum ; but all the species of Burypelma may be distinguished by the double spur beneath tibia i., besides the row of setee beneath tarsus iv.
Hab. GuatEMALA, Petaxcatum (Sarg), Chicoyoito (von Turckheim).
Two adult males have been taken in Guatemala—one (no. 653) at Chicoyoito by: Herr von Turckheim, the other (no. 1409) at Petaxcatum by Mr. Sarg. The latter is taken as the type.
ACANTHOPELMA, gen. nov.
Femur iv. without scopula on the inner side. Tarsal claws 2. Tarsi 1, li, ili., and iv., apical two-thirds of protarsi i. and i., apical half of iii., and extreme apex of iy. very lightly scopulate. ‘l'arsi i. and ii. with a single longitudinal central row of short spines, sometimes haired, beneath; tarsi iii. and iv. with a band of more numerous spines beneath. Protarsi i. and ii. with spines beneath. Tibia i. with a double spur at the apex beneath ; the inner spur short, obtusely pointed, with a short conical spur at the base on the outer side; the outer spur larger, broadly clavate and bilobed at the apex, the inner lobe the largest. Tibia 11. with rows of spines beneath, not constant in number or arrangement. Tibize and protarsi iii. and iv. very spinose.
Carapace longer than broad, very flat or compressed in profile; fovea narrow, straight, transverse. Ocular group as in Hurypelma.
Mandibles with a single row of teeth on the inner margin of fang-groove. Sternum oval-elongute, longer than broad. Sigilla distinct, three pairs, submarginal, besides the labial basal impressions. Labium quadrate, its apical third studded with cuspules; base of coxe of pedipalp also studded with cuspules over the inner anterior basal angle. Spinners 4, superiors as long as sternum; segments approximately equal in length, terminal segment slightly longer.
1. Acanthopelma rufescens, sp. n. (Tab. II. figg. 13, 13 a-d, 3 .) Type, ¢, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
3. Total length 16°5 millim. Carapace 7x 5:5. Legs: i. 23:5; ii. 21:5; iii, 18; iv. 28.
¢. Carapace dull purple-mahogany, clothed with fine rufous silky pubescence ; mandibles clothed with three bands of rufous silky pubescence ; sternum and legs clothed with rufous pubescence. Abdomen delicate purple-brown, with double dorsal series of three or four pale orange transverse bars.
The various points of structure have been detailed in the generic diagnosis,
Hab. GuateMaua (Sarg).
A single adult male.
Although this form is undoubtedly allied to others of the group Cheetopelmates founded by M. Simon, yet I prefer for the present to place it amongst the members of the subfamily Theraphosine.
Fam. DIPLURIDA.
The unusual length of the spinners, which characterizes the more typical forms belonging to this family, is not noticeable in all those which are usually included in the group. The spinners aré, however, set wide apart at their base, and the tarsal claws are three in number, these characters separating the Dipluride from the Theraphoside. The habits of the species of Dipluride are somewhat different from
FUFIUS. 39
those of the majority of the Mygalomorphe, and offer an interesting illustration of the general similarity in form and structure which spiders of similar habit often exhibit. The Dipluride, especially the genera Ischnothele, Euagrus, Diplura, Melodeus, &c., with habits very similar to those of the Agelenide and Podophthalmide, are themselves, too, exceedingly similar in general character. We have the long spinners for weaving the broad sheet of web at the entrance of the burrow, the same excessive rapidity of move- ment, and, what is more curious, a very similar plan of coloration on the abdomen. At first sight, to one accustomed to the habits of the Agelenide in Europe, Ischnothele and Podophthalmus would be at once supposed to belong to this family, so strikingly alike are they in the nature of their web and tube, their elongate form, and in the character of their movements.
‘The family is very poorly represented amongst the forms from Central America, viz. by two species of Euagrus, four of Ischnothele, and one of Fufius. That this 1s anything like a fair representation of the family as actually existing in that region cannot be admitted for a moment, and future collectors will be able to add numbers of species and perhaps genera to this very interesting group.
The Central-American Dipluride belong to two subfamilies, which may be thus characterized :—
A. Protarsi and tarsi i. and ii. more or less scopulate. Tarsi not spinose
beneath. Denticles of superior tarsal claws in a double series. Ante-
rior spinners separated by two diameters of one of them at the base, DipLurina. B. Protarsi and tarsi i. and ii. not scopulate. Tarsi more or less spinose
beneath. Denticles of superior tarsal claws in a single series. Ante-
rior spinners separated at the base by at least the length of one spinner». ee ee eee eee ee ee eee + ASCHNOTHELINE,
Subfam. DIPLURINA.
FUFIUS. Fufius, E. Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1888, p. 213.
This interesting genus is distributed throughout Central America and the northern regions of South America, different forms occurring in Guatemala, Bolivia, and the Lower Amazons.
Closely allied forms, possibly not congeneric with those of the Neotropical region, are found in Madagascar according to Lenz, and in Australia according to L. Koch *
* M. Simon (Hist. Nat. Araign. éd. 2, i. p. 180) refers all these forms to the single genus Hapalothele, Lenz, which is based on H. varia (L. Koch), from Fort Bowen, described under Ivalus (a preoccupied name, for which Jwamadus has been substituted by M. Simon). Whether the Madagascan, Oceanian, and Neotropical forms are really congeneric or not I am not in a position to judge, but prefer to keep to the older distinctions offered under the generic names Hapalothele for those of Oceania and Madagascar, and Fujius for those of
America. ch Ft 2
36 ARANEIDEA.
1, Fufius atramentarius. (Tab. Il. fig. 10, and Tab. III. figg. 3, 3a-c, ¢.) Fufius atramentarius, E. Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. p. 213 ( ? ) (1888) 1. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 827 (1892) *.
Hab. GuateMata ! 2,
The type specimen has been kindly submitted to me by M. E. Simon.
Subfam. JISCHNOTHELINA.
The two genera of this subfamily may be thus differentiated :—
A. Base of mandible with two rows of stout teeth below, besides a short one of smaller teeth at the base. Coxa of pedipalp cuspulate at the base. Lateral anterior eyes slightly smaller than central anteriors. Central posterior eyes much smaller than central ante- riors, linear-oval, their longitudinal diameter less than the diameter of the latter. Tibia i. of the male produced into a spinigerous spur at the apex beneath. Protarsus i. produced into a spur towards the base beneath. Tibia and protarsus ii. normal, not developed. Terminal joint of the posterior spinners more segmentate, flexuose, and attenuate to the apex, larger than both the basal joints taken together. Anterior spinners wide apart at the base, separated by a distance equal to one and a half times the length of a single spinner. Labium not quadrately impressed behind the base, but . normally, biovately. Sternum scarcely longer than broad, circular. IscuNoTHELE, Auss.
B. Base of mandible with one row of stout teeth only below on the inner margin of the fang-groove. Coxa of pedipalp not cuspulate at the base. Lateral anterior eyes much larger than the centrals, their diameter nearly equal to one and a half times that of the latter. Central posterior eyes distinctly larger than the central anteriors, quadrate-piriform. Tibia i. of male not bearing a spur beneath, but with numerous stout long spines; protarsus i. also with numerous stout spines beneath. Patella i. with several stout spines beneath. Tibia il. produced into a longer or shorter spinigerous spur beneath. Protarsus ii. produced into a low coniform spur at the centre beneath. Terminal joint of posterior spinners less flexuose, seg- mentate, and attenuate to the apex, as long as or scarcely longer than the second joint. Anterior spinners set closer together at the base, separated by a distance equal to, or less than, the length of a single spinner. Labium impressed broadly and quadrately at the
base. Sternum much longer than broad, oval-elongate Evacrus, Auss.
ISCHNOTHELE,
ISCHNOTHELE.
Macrothele, subg. Ischnothele, Ausserer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxv.
Males *.
A. Size much larger. Tibia i. with a short broad spur at the apex beneath, the latter bearing 8 or 9 short stout spines at the tip. Conical spur beneath protarsus i. rather less than halfway from the base of the joint. Tarsus i. with 2 or 3 fine spines only on the inner side beneath. Bulb of palpus much more elongate at the apex and less sinuous . .
B. Size much smaller. Tibia i. with a narrow, more slender, and elon- gate spur at the apex beneath, the latter bearing four stout spines only at the tip. Conical spur beneath protarsus i. midway between the base and apex of the joint beneath. Tarsus i. with 3 spines on the outer side, but with from 15 to 20 short stout spines set in irregular double series on the outer side beneath. Bulb of palpus less elongate and more decidedly sinuous towards the apex
Females. A. Carapace unicolorous testaceous-brown. i. Abdomen unicolorous, clothed with silky rufous-golden pubescence. Legs unicolorous. Length 11 millim. se ee ii, Abdomen with a central dorsal longitudinal series of transverse pale orange (or yellow) A-shaped bars, the first half separate, the second united on the median line. Legs annulated and spotted with brown. a. Size larger: length 18 millim. . 6. Size smaller: length 10-11 millim. i, Abdomen black, spotted with dull testaceous, and on the second half ornamented with two rows of short, oPtianes testaceous lines, three on each side . . ii. Abdomen dull purple-brown, speckled with dull testaceous . spots on the sides and apex; with a central dorsal longitudinal series of 6 transverse dull orange A-shaped bars, the first three separate, the second three united on the median line . B. Carapace margined with a broad band of dull orange .
37
p. 162 (1875).
digitata, O. P.-Cambr.
guianensis, Walck.
caudata, Auss.
digitata, O. P.-Cambr.
zebrina, E. Simon.
guianensis, Walck. [scemensi, F. P.-Cambr.,
and pusilla, KE. Sim., from Brazil. |
1. Ischnothele digitata. (ab. II. figg. 8, 8a-d, ¢.)
Macrothele digitata, O. P.-Cambr. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn. Aran. p.
3a-d(g)*
92(¢¢), t. 12. fige. 3,
Hab, Guatemata, Cubilguitz, Chamiquin, Tucuru, Escuintla (Sarg ').
For figures of the mandible, spinners, and tibia i., see Tab. II.
* TI do not know the males of J. caudata or I. zebrina.
fige. 8, 8a-d.
38 ARANEIDEA.
2. Ischnothele caudata.
Ischnothele caudata, Auss. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxv. p. 163 (1875) ‘; E. Simon, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 828 (1892) *.
Type, 2, in Brit. Mus., ex coll. Keyserling.
Hab. Mexico, Yucatan 2.
8. Ischnothele zebrina. Thelechoris zebrina, E. Simon, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord, xliv. p. 329 (¢?)°.
Hab. Nicaracva, Polvon (Packard *).
There is no doubt whatever that the New World forms referred by authors to Karsch’s genus Thelechoris belong to Ausserer’s genus Ischnothele.
4. Ischnothele guianensis. (Tab. II. fig. 9, ¢.)
Mygale guianensis, Walck. Hist. Nat. Ins. Apt. p. 23 (g) (1887) .
¢ & 2. Carapace unicolorous mahogany-brown, the margins darker. Legs pale yellow beneath ; coxe pale yellow ; femora darker at the apex above; tibie and protarsi pale yellow, each with a basal and apical annule of dark brown; tarsi yellow. Sternum pale yellow. Abdomen dark purple-brown, with a double central dorsal series of three minute oblique pale dots. Basal joint of the spinners pale yellow, its apex dusky beneath ; second joint brown ; terminal joint brown at the base, pale yellow towards the apex.
g. General characters as in other species of the genus. The specific character is furnished by tibia i., whose apical spur is narrow, elongate, and armed with four stout spines at the apex, while the protarsus bears in the centre beneath a small, stout, sharp, coniform spur, its apex directed inwards. Tarsus i. nume- rously spinose on the inner side beneath, 3 or 4 spines only on the outer side.
Hab. Costa Rica (Rogers).—GutIana t.
Five females and one male of this small species were taken by Mr. Rogers in Costa Rica, but the exact locality is doubtful. J. guianensis is very similar in general appearance to J. digitata, but is much smaller, and differs in some essential points of structure in the male sex. I have identified this species from males and females thus named by M. Simon in the British Museum.
EUAGRUS. Euagrus, Ausserer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxv. p. 160 (1875). Type Huagrus meaxicanus, Auss.
I have not seen the type of this genus, and my knowledge of it is based on a specimen ( @ ) identified by M. Simon, and kindly submitted for examination. So far as one can judge, there seems no reasonable doubt that this specimen is generically and specifically identical with Ausserer’s form, though a glance at the type would be
more satisfactory.
Tarsal claws 3. Spinners set wide apart at the base. Terminal joint of the posterior spinners scarcely longer than the second, not flexuose or segmentate, scarcely attenuate.
EUAGRUS. 39
Base of the coxa of pedipalp and apex of the labium not cuspulate. Inner margin of fang-groove only with a row of teeth, outer row plain(d & @).
Tibia i. of male not armed with a spur, merely incrassate and spinose; protarsus i. not developed. Tibia ii. developed into a strong spinigerous spur at the base beneath; protarsus ii. developed towards the apex, beneath, into a short spur (see Ausserer’s figure), towards the base (see Simon’s figure). .Tibize and pro- tarsi i. & ii. (@) inerassate, the latter set with numerous spines towards the apex beneath. Tarsi ( 9 ) set with a double row of spines beneath. Lateral anterior eyes much larger than centrals; diameter of latter equal to the transverse diameter of the former. Anterior spinners separate at the base by a distance equal to the length of one of them.
1. Euagrus mexicanus. (Tab. II. figg. 4, 4a, 4, 2.) Euagrus mexicanus, Auss. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxv. p. 160, t. 5. figg. 138-15, t. 6. fig. 16 (g ) (1875)'; E. Simon, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 828 (1892) *.
Hab. Mexico (coll. O. P.-Cambridge+), Cuernavaca (Bowcard *); GuaTeMaLa? ; Costa Rica (Getaz).
1 cannot quite reconcile the description of the eyes and clypeus of Euagrus meaicanus with facts as presented by the female now before me; but errors in observation of these parts are only too easy to make, and little weight need be attached to the discrepancy
in this case. Our figures are taken from a specimen identified as Ausserer’s species by M. E. Simon,
and now in his collection.
2, Kuagrus guatemalensis, sp. n. (Lab. IL. figg. 7, 7a-f, 3.) Type, ¢, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
3. Total length 13 millim.
3 2. Carapace, sternum, legs, mandibles, and pedipalp pale mahogany-brown ; the carapace veined and suffused with dusky brown. Abdomen dull purple-brown, anteriorly striped on each side with three large pale slashes continued to the spinners by a double series of three short pale oblique bars. In some specimens the lateral slashes are obsolete, except where they converge dorsally ; in this case the abdomen presents a double dorsal series of six short, narrow, obliquely divergent bars.
g. Eyes closely grouped ; diameter of central anteriors equal to half the longitudinal diameter of the lateral anteriors; central posteriors distinctly larger than the central anteriors, Tibia ii. with five stout spines set on a low protuberance beneath. Protarsus i. with a bilobate prominence in the centre beneath ; the inner lobe larger and conical, the outer lower and more rounded. Tibia i. numerously spined beneath. Patella i. with three stout spines at the apex beneath. Protarsus i. with an irregular double series of spines beneath. ‘Tarsus i. with a few spines beneath.
Mandibles with an inner row of teeth only. Terminal joint of spinners almost as long as the two basal joints together, slightly flexuose, attenuate and segmentate (but not nearly so much so as in Ischnothele). Labium without cuspules. Coxe of pedipalp without cuspules. Sigillate impression at the base of the labium transverse-quadrate. Sternum oval-elongate; sigilla in three pairs; submarginal mandibles clothed with a thick tuft of hairs (seen in profile) on the upperside of the base.
The structure of the female is similar, but the tibiz and protarsi of the first two pairs of legs are not enlarged but similar to the other joints.
Hab. Guatemata (Sarg).
At first sight there is nothing to distinguish this interesting species from Ischnothele cuudata, Auss., and perhaps J. zebrina (Sim.) and I. guianensis (Walck.). The
40 ARANEIDEA.
coloration is precisely the same, and it is curious to note that the dorsal row of short oblique bars on the abdomen is characteristic also of members of a totally different family, whose habits are, however, remarkably similar, namely, the Agelenidee—with the common A. labyrinthica as an example.
The double row of teeth on the fang-groove, the cuspulate labium, the approxi- mately equal size of the anterior row of eyes in the female, and the development of tibia i. instead of tibia ii. in the male, will suffice for the distinguishing of all the true Ischnothele.
Several females and one adult male were taken by Mr. Sarg.
The following genera and species of Mygalomorphe have been described from Central America; but as there is some doubt about their true affinities, I prefer to place them here :—
TAPINAUCHENIUS. Tapinauchenius, Ausserer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxi. p. 200 (1871).
Tapinauchenius reduncus. Tapinauchenius reduncus, Karsch, Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturw. liii. p. 887 (3d 3) (1880) '.
Hab. Costa Rica (Hoffmann, in Mus. Berol.*).
ISCHNOCOLUS. Ischnocolus, Ausserer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxi. p. 184 (1871).
Ischnocolus sericeus. Ischnocolus sericeus, Auss. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxv. p. 169 (1875) *; E. Simon, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 329 (1892) ?.
Type, 9, in coll. Keyserling (but not in coll. Keyserling in Brit. Mus.). Hab. Mexico, Yucatan ! 2.
Tam inclined to suspect that this spider will prove to be merely the young of some species of HKurypelma or other genus, for Ausserer himself says, ‘‘ wahrscheinlich ein junges Thicr.”
| CYCLOSTERNUM. Cyclosternum, Ausserer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxi. p. 192 (1871).
Cyclosternum obscurum. Cyclosternum obscurum, EK. Simon, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 331 (1892)'.
Type, 2, in coll. E. Simon, Paris. Hab. Mexico}.
CYCLOSTERNUM.—DAVUS. 4]
Of this form, of which an immature female is before me, one can say nothing except that, for all evidence to the contrary, it may well be the young of some species of Eurypelma or other closely allied genus. It is especially to be borne in mind that the circular form of the sternum is characteristic of immature specimens of most
Eurypelmiform spiders. CRATORRHAGUS.
Cratorrhagus, E. Simon, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 330 (1892).
Type Cratorrhagus concolor, Simon.
Cratorrhagus cervinus. (Tab. II. figg. 1, la-c, 2.) Cratorrhagus cervinus, EK. Simon, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 330 (1892) '.
Type, 2, in coll. E. Simon, Paris. Hab. Mexico}. —
The type of C. cervinus, which is now before me, is certainly not congeneric with a specimen of C. concolor from the Mediterranean, so far as one can judge from an immature specimen. But I would not hazard an opinion with specimens not yet adult, and I hesitate therefore to tabulate the characters of the female from Mexico.
MYGALARACHNE. Mygalarachne, Ausserer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxi. p. 206 (1871).
Mygalarachne brevipes. Mygalarachne brevipes, Auss. loc. cit. p. 206*; Simon, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 339’.
Type, 2, in Vienna Museum,
Hab. Honnpuras? 2,
Without opportunity of examining the type I am unable to offer any opinion as to the systematic position of this spider. Neither does Ausserer give any descriptive clue as to its identity, save only ‘“‘die Sammtbiirste am innerrande der Schenkel fehlt.”
DAVUS. Davus, O. P.-Cambridge, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn. Aran. i. p. 91 (1892).
Femora iv. not scopulate on the inner side. Protarsi i. and ii. scopulate beneath in their apical half only. Protarsus iv. not scopulate, very spinose. Tibia i. with two short spurs at the apex beneath.
Davus fasciatus. (Tab. III. figg. 4, 4 a-d, 3.) Davus fasciatus, O. P.-Cambr. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn. Aran. i. p. 91 (¢)’. Pella fasciata, O. P.-Cambr. loc. cit. t. 12. figg. 4, 4a-d (¢).
Hab. Costa Rica (Boucard 1).
The type of this genus and species is a male, dry, and rather the worse for wear. I BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Arachn. Aran., Vol. II., April 1899. ef
Me) ARANEIDEA.
am unable to ascertain whether the tarsal pad is or is not divided by a row of sete, so that I leave the species at present distinct from Eurypelma. It belongs, if the tarsal pad be not divided, to the Homceommatee, characterized by the apical half only of protarsus ii. being scopulate. I cannot myself, however, recognize this character alone as sufficient for a sectional distinction, or even perhaps for a generic, but rather as characteristic of a group within the genus Lurypelma.
AVICULARIA. Avicularia, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. v. p. 107 (1818).
Type Avicularia avicularia, Linn. = Avicularia canceridea, Lam.
Avicularia glauca. . Avicularia glauca, E. Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1891, p. 312*; Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xliv. p. 339
(1892) *. Type, 2, juv., in coll. E. Simon, Paris. Hab. Panama! ?.
The type specimen, kindly submitted to me for examination by M. Simon, is evidently an immature example, and it will always be difficult to decide exactly as to which particular species of Avicularia it belongs.
Section ARACHNOMORPHZ. Fam. DYSDERIDZ.
Lung-sacs two; tracheal stigmata two; the four stigmatic orifices closely grouped; posterior pair not convergent, coalescent or migrant. Tarsal claws variable, two or three. Eyes six, in three groups of two each. Spinners six. Colulus small, but very distinct. Calamistrum and cribellum absent. Mandibles not striate on the outer side; femur of palpus with no spur or opposing spine.
This family is very scantily represented at present in the material obtained from
Central America, one (or two) species only, of the genus Ariadna alone *, having been taken, which belong to the subfamily Segestriine.
Subfam. SEGHESTRIINA.
Eyes in three groups, each consisting of a pair of eyes. Tibie and protarsi i., ii., and iii. armed beneath with stout spines. Protarsus iv. also with a few spines beneath, but not tibiaiv. Tarsal claws three ; anterior
pair of spinners stouter and longer than the others, closely situate at the base, with small, distinct colulus.
* Ariadne mexicana, Banks, Trans. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. p. 212 (May 1898): the locality given for this
species, La Chuparosa, is in Lower California (cf. loc. cit. p. 207), so that the species cannot be included in the present list.
ARIADNA. 43
The members of this subfamily live in tubular retreats, usually constructed in the crevices of the woodwork of buildings or in the corners of window-frames, and sit with the anterior pair of legs exposed at the entrance of the funnel.
ARIADNA. Ariadna, Audouin, in Savigny’s Descr. de Egypte, ed. 2, xxii. p. 8308 (1825-1827). Type Ariadna insidiatrix, Aud.
1. Ariadna pilifera. Ariadne pilifera,O, P.-Cambr. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn. Aran. i. p. 235, t. 30. figg. 9,9 a-c(?)’. Type, 2, in coll. Godman & Salvin. Q. Total length 14°5 millim.
Hab. Mexico, Ventanas in Durango (Forrer 1).
2. Ariadna comata. Ariadne comata, O. P.-Cambr. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn. Aran. i. p. 235, t. 30. figg. 8,8 a—c (2)'. Type, 2, in coll, Godman & Salvin. @. Total length 8 millim.
Hab. Mexico, Orizaba (H. H. Smith').
Fam. CAPONIIDZ.
Eyes two. Lung-sacs absent. Two pairs of tracheal stigmata, adjacent, close to the genital rima. Mandibles not soldered together. Sternum without sigilla. Spinners six, anterior pair wide apart, separated by at least four diameters; the four anteriors set in a transverse straight line. Colulus absent. Calamistrum and cribellum absent. Tarsal claws variable, two or three. External side of mandibles striate. Femur of palpus with a single stridulatory spine towards the base on the inner side.
The spiders included in this family are, with one exception, confined to the Antilles and the northern regions of South America. It is highly probable, however, that the genus Mops, Macl., will be found to extend to the Isthmus of Panama, NV. glauca, v. Hasselt, having been recorded from the islands of Buen Ayre, Oruba, and Curagao, off the coast of Venezuela; we therefore figure the structural details of a species of this genus, WV. coccineus, E. Simon, from Venezuela, the type of which is in the British Museum. (See Tab. III. figg. 7, 7a-f, 2.)
A. Tarsal claws two only on tarsi i. and ii., three on tarsi iii. and iv. Tarsi of all four pairs bisegmentate. Tarsi i. and ii. with a membranous appendage at the base beneath. Protarsi i. and 11. with a thin mem- branous lamina extending longitudinally beneath the joint. Sternum not prolonged between the coxe of the fourth pair of legs, its apex quite distinct from the post-sternal plagula. Epigynal area not coria- ceous. Maxille less elongate and less attenuate at the apex . . . ~ [Nops, Macleay.]
et 2
44 ARANEIDEA.
B. Tarsal claws three on all four pairs. Tarsi unisegmentate. Tarsi and protarsi i. and ii. without membranous appendages beneath. Sternum prolonged between the coxz of the fourth pair of legs, its apex soldered to the post-sternal plagula. axilla more elongate and more attenuate
towards the apex . Caponina, E. Sim.
CAPONINA.
Caponina, E. Simon, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 578. Type C. testacea, E. Sim.: Antilles, St. Vincent.
Eyes two only. Tarsal claws three. Tarsi not scopulate. Ungual tufts absent. Anterior protarsi flexuose, striate, furnished beneath with a double row of short stiff hairs. Mandibles with striations on the outer
side. Femur of palpus with a small tooth on the inner side.
1. Caponina sargi, sp. n. (Tab. III. figg. 6, 6 a-h, 2.) Type, 2, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
Q. Total length 13 millim., carap. 4 millim.
Carapace, sternum, mandibles, and legs orange-yellow. Abdomen grey. Eyes two, situate on black spots. Mandibles furnished with striations on the outer side, opposed to a small tooth on the inner side of the femur of the palpus.
Hab. Guatemaa (Sarg).
A single adult female and two immature specimens were found by Mr. Sarg.
Fam. OONOPID,
This family, instituted by M. Simon for the genus Oonops, Templ., and eighteen other genera, is distinguished from the Caponiide by the possession, in common with the Dysderidz, of two lung-sacs and two tracheal stigmata, the latter closely situated together on the genital rima. Lyes six, large, opaline, nearly always occupying the total width of the carapace. There are no stridulating-organs and no calamistrum or cribellum.
DYSDERINA. Dysderina, E. Simon, P. Z.S. 1891, p. 556. Type D. principalis, Keys.
Abdomen with dorsal and ventral scutum, not extending to the spinners. Posterior row of eyes straight. Tibize and protarsi i. and ii. armed beneath with a double series of long spines. Mandibles not striate on the outer side. Femur of palpus without stridulatory spine on the inner side. Tarsal claws two, with double series of teeth, set on a short onychium. Spinners six, colulus absent.
1. Dysderina plena. (Tab. III. figg. 5, 5a, 2.)
Dysderina plena, O. P.-Cambr. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn. Aran, i. pp. 143, 192, t. 17. figg. 7, 7a-d (Q), t. 24. figg. 4, 4a-e (dy).
Types, d 9, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
Hab. Mexico, Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith 3).
OCHYROCERA. 45
Fam. LEPTONETIDA.
OCHYROCERA.
Ochyrocera, E. Simon, P. Z. 8. 1891, p. 565. Type Ochyrocera arietina, E. Sim.: Antilles, St. Vincent.
1. Ochyrocera simoni. Ochyrocera simonii, O. P.-Cambr. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn. Aran. i. p. 122, t. 17. figg. 13, 13 a-d(¢)’. Type, ¢, in coll. Godman & Salvin. Hab. Mexico, Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith?).
Fam. FILISTATID.
Lung-sacs two; tracheal stigmata migrant, convergent, situated halfway between the genital rima and the spinners. Spinners six; calamistrum and cribellum present. Two pairs of sternal sigilla sometimes present. Palpal bulb of male very simple. Mandibles soldered together at the base, forming with the labium and maxille a stout, haustellate proboscis. No strie present on the outer side of the mandibles. Eyes eight, closely grouped in the centre of the cephalic area. Tarsal claws three. Superior claws with a single row of ten to twelve teeth, inferior claw sometimes with one or two.
There is considerable difficulty in ascertaining exactly where the Filistatide should be placed amongst the other families of the section Arachnomorphe ; and the same remark applies to all the other cribellate forms, and also to others not cribellate. No linear arrangement, such as one is compelled to adopt in a printed work, can in any way convey a correct idea of the affinities of different families.
With regard to the cribellate forms, there appears to be no reason why the cribellum and correlated calamistrum should not have become independently specialized in several different groups, each of these groups falling under different surrounding influences as they developed. The appendages which have been converted into the cribellum have survived in these cases, and are now obsolete in other forms recognized as non-cribellate. The rudiments of the cribellum, and bristles adapted for specializa- tion as a calamistrum, were probably possessed at one time by all existing forms of spiders; while a more or less highly specialized form of each was characteristic of certain large groups, not necessarily otherwise closely allied.
In some groups these rudiments and specializations have been retained, and in some they have more or less entirely disappeared, while at the same time further differentiation and specialization under various influences was taking place in different directions. This will account for the presence of a highly specialized calamistrum and cribellum amongst forms which are otherwise, obviously, not in any respect nearly related to each other.
The possession of sternal sigilla, the character and grouping of the eyes, as well as the simple form of the palpal bulb, would seem to show that the Filistatide are alone
46 ARANEIDEA.
survivors of some primitive group, suggesting a distant relationship with the Thera- phoside in some respects, but in others far removed from them, and indeed from the majority of existing forms, by wide morphological gulfs, the connecting links having long since passed away.
These isolated families, such as the Filistatide, Hypochilide, Caponiide, Dysderide, &c., are, in short, probably nothing more than the mountain-peaks of faunal continents which have long been submerged beneath the waters of eliminating agencies. These still lift their heads above them, but their near relations have perished and left no trace behind.
In other spheres of evolution we recollect that the Basque and Etruscan systems of speech, which can claim kindred with no existing family of language, are excellent instances of the same phenomenon.
The family Filistatide can be conveniently divided into two genera, which may be distinguished by the following characters :—
A. Anterior tibie and protarsi with rows of stout spines beneath. Protarsi i. and ii. with stout spines at the apex beneath. Sternum scarcely longer than broad, with two pairs of sigilla (sometimes obsolete). Central anterior eyes smaller than central posteriors ; anterior and posterior centrals almost contiguous . . . . . . Fruisrata, Latr. B. Anterior tibiz and protarsi without rows of spines beneath. Protarsi i. and ii. without spines at the apex. Sternum distinctly longer than broad, without sigilla. Central anterior eyes equal to central pos- teriors ; anterior and posterior centrals half a diameter apart . . FixisTatorpss, gen, nov.
FILISTATA.
Filistata, Latreille, Consid. gén. Crust., Arachn., et Ins. p. 121 (1810).
Type. “ Espéce inédite trouvée aux environs de Marseille.”
Lung-sacs two in number; tracheal stigmata two, situated midway between the lung-sacs and the spinners. Spinning-mamille six; calamistrum and cribellum present. Two pair of sternal sigilla present. Mandibles soldered along their inner margins, forming, with the labium and maxille, which are also
soldered together, a haustellate proboscis. Eyes eight, in two closely situate groups of four on each side of a cephalic eminence. Thoracic fovea deep.
A. Apical portion of palpal bulb shorter, strongly sinuous ; apex broader, almost geniculate, strongly curved outwards (inner anterior aspect). hibernalis, Hentz. B. Apical portion of palpal bulb longer, attenuate, filiform, only slightly sinuous, almost straight throughout ; apex slightly curved inwards (inner anterior aspect). . . . . . 0... tractans, O. P.-Cambr.
Females.
A. Femora and tibize of legs more slender, not clothed beneath with thick black hair. ee
B. Femora and tibie of legs stouter, clothed beneath, especially i, and ii., with thick black hair . . . . ,
hibernalis, Hentz. -
tractans, O, P.-Cambr.
FILISTATA.—FILISTATOIDES. AT
1. Filistata hibernalis. (Tab. III. figg. 8, 8a, b, 2; 8¢, ¢.) Filistata hibernalis, Hentz, Spid. U.S. p. 28, t. 2. figg. 6, a, b'; Banks, Trans. Calif. Acad. Sci.
(3) 1. p. 208°. Filistata distincta, Blackw. Annu. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) xx. p. 202 (1867) *. Filistata tractans, O. P.-Cambr. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn. Aran. i. p. 290 (¢) *.
Hab. Nort America, Carolina and Alabama!, Lower California 2.—MeExico,
Guaymas, Tepic, and San Miguel de Horcasitas (Banks?), Orizaba*, Teapa (H. H. Smith); Guatemaua (Sarg).—ARGENTINA ; ANTILLES, Jamaica 3, &c.
Whether this species and F. capitata, Hentz, are identical or not I cannot at present say for certain; but there is no doubt as to the species which Hentz regarded as F. hibernalis. The figure of the palpus of the male is quite sufficient for its identi- fication. Curiously enough, some authors seem to have regarded this figure of the palpal bulb as that of F. capitata, Hentz; whereas a glance at the text will show that figg. 6, a, 6, refer to the male of F. hibernalis and not to that of F. capitata. As to Blackwall’s species ’. distincta, it is impossible to decide from his description what it may be; but most probably it is identical with this form, which occurs commonly ‘in several islands of the Antilles.
2. Filistata tractans. (Tab. III. figg. 9, 9a-c, 2; 9d, ¢.) Filistata tractans, O. P.-Cambr. Biol. Centr. Amer., Arachn. Aran. i. p. 183, t. 23. figg. 4, 4a-d (g)’. Filistata capillosa, O. P.-Cambr. loc. cit. p. 289, t. 82. figg. 1, 1 a-d (2).
Types, ¢ 2, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
Hab. Mexico, Amula!?, Omilteme ?, Chilpancingo, and Venta de Zopilote, all in Guerrero (H. H. Smith).
Numerous adult males and females have been seen.
FILISTATOIDES, gen. nov.
Characters as in Filistata, except that the anterior tibia and protarsi are without rows of spines beneath. Protarsi i, and ii. without spines at the apex. Sternum distinctly longer than broad, without sigilla. Central anterior eyes equal in size to central posteriors. Anterior and posterior centrals half a diameter apart.
1. Filistatoides insignis. (Tab. III. figg. 10, 10a, 3, ¢.) Filistata insignis, O. P.-Cambr. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn. Aran. i. p. 211, t. 26. figg. 12, 12 a-d (3), t. 28. figg. 8, 8a,5( 9)’.
Types, ¢ Q, in coll. Godman & Salvin. Hab. Guatemata, Valley of the Motagua and San Antonio (Sarg ').
An adult male and a female of this very distinct, though small, species were taken in Guatemala.
48 ARANEIDEA.
Fam. SCYTODIDZ.
Tracheal stigmata two, more or less remote from the genital rima. Mandibles soldered together at their base. Sternum without sigilla. Calamistrum and cribelluin absent. Spinners six, with the colulus more or less well developed or absent. Tarsi with or without an onychium. Tarsal claws two or three. Mandibles with the external side striate. Femur of the palpus having one or more stridulating-spines on the inner side towards the base. Legs shorter, stouter, and somewhat laterigrade in articulation (Sicarius, Lowosceles, and Sicarioides), longer and more slender (Scytodes), spinose or clothed with simple fine hairs only. Palpal bulb of male simple, more complex in Diguetia. Vulva of female simple, externally consisting of a transverse rima only.
The family Scytodide includes four very distinct groups of spiders, comprised in the subfamilies Sicariine, Loxosceline, Diguetiine, and Scytodine. There seems to be no sufficient reason for substituting the name Sicariide for the older name Scytodide, which latter has therefore been restored.
These subfamilies resemble each other in several characters, chiefly in the number of eyes and the possession of a stridulating-organ on the mandibles and the femur of the palpus. This structure is, however, found also in other groups, notably in Caponina, a two-eyed form of the family Caponiide, and in Lepthyphantes, T'meticus, &c., amongst the Argiopide (Simon). They resemble each other also in the haustellate formation of the mouth-parts, beautifully constructed so that when the apices of the mandibles are brought together they form with the apices of the maxille a perfect suctorial apparatus, the mandibles being guarded in front of the fang by a soft chitinous piece serving to prevent the juices from escaping between the mandibles at their apex in front. The simple form of the vulva and that of the palpal organs of the male also prove the affinity of these forms.
The differences between these four subfamilies are very marked, though Sicarius and Loxosceles appear to be more closely allied to each other. The latter resembles Scytodes in the possession of a tarsal onychium and of a similarly constructed stridulating-apparatus, though otherwise, in general form, being much more like Sicarius. Diguetia, on the other hand, with its three tarsal claws, resembles Scytodes, and with its four femoral stridulating-spines, and in the absence of the colulus between the anterior spinners, approaches Sicarius, yet in the absence of the mandibular membrane and in the general form of the body differs from all three.
Eyes six. Lung-sacs two.
Subfam. SICARIZN ZL.
No colulus between anterior spinners. Anterior row of eyes approximately straight. Lateral eyes wide apart. Tarsal claws two, not set on an onychium. Clypeus very high, almost vertical. External side of mandible finely striate. Inner side of femur of palpus set with 5 or 6 short stout stridulatory spines. Mandibles with a membranous lip on the outer side at the apex. Palpus of female without a claw or claw-like appendage at the apex. Anterior margin of maxille not strengthened by a chitinous serrula. Carapace compressed. Central thoracic groove shallow and inconspicuous. Body and legs clothed with regular rows (or small groups on the body) of longer and shorter spines and bacilliform hairs.
SICARIOIDES. 49
The genus Sicarius may eventually be found in Central America, and we have therefore figured the details of structure of S. thomisoides, Walck., from Chilian specimens in the British Museum. (See Tab. III. figg. 11, lla-s, ¢.)
A. Sternum longer than broad, rather produced behind, narrowed and
finely bilobate. Legs furnished beneath with rows of numerous long
spines, in addition to the lines of smaller ones. Carapace convex,
smooth, without warts or prominences, with simple convergent lines
of fine bristles. Femora with simple spines only. . . . . . [Sicarrus, Walck.*], B. Sternum broader than long, not produced or so much narrowed behind,
broadly bilobate. Legs without rows of long spines in addition to
the smaller ones. Carapace compressed, bearing warts set with
bacilliform hairs. Femora with tufts of bacilliform hairs on the .
dorsal side . . . . 2. ee we we ee ew ee ee) 6« )6SICARIONDES, GER. NOV.
SICARIOIDES, gen. nov.
1. Sicarioides rugosus, sp.n. (Tab. III. figg. 12, 12a, 6, 2.) Type, 2, in Mus. Brit.
. Total length 10-5 millim. ; carapace 4°5 x 5 millim.
Q. Colour. Body and legs entirely rich chocolate-brown, marked with black obseure blotches.
Q. Structure. Carapace very broad, quite flat, rugulose, with distinct warts, bearing bacilliform hairs. Legs clothed with numerous short stout hairs, the femora bearing dorsally numerous tufts of three or four white bacilliform hairs. The tibie, protarsi, and tarsi with numerous short sharp spines arranged in longitudinal rows, but no long spines as in Sicarivs. Sternum broader than long, entirely clothed with short, closely-clustered, bacilliform spines. Eyes as in Sicarvus.
Hab. Costa Rica, Bebedero.
Subfam. SCYTODIN.
Colulus present between the anterior spinners. Anterior rows of eyes very strongly recurved. Lateral eyes in contact. Tarsal claws three (inferior claw often obsolete), set on a long, very distinct onychium. Clypeus narrow, oblique. External side of mandible finely striate (less closely than in the three other subfamilies of Filistatide). Inner side of the femur of the palpus set with one short stridulatory spine. Mandibles with a membranous lip on the outer side at the apex (less developed than in the Loxosceline and Sicariine). Palpus of female with two or three claw-like appendages at the apex. Anterior margin of maxille strengthened by a chitinous rim, finely serrulate. Carapace very eonvex and raised posteriorly. Thoracic stria present, but no groove. Body and legs clothed with shorter and longer fine hairs.
‘The species belonging to this subfamily are very widely distributed, being found in
every quarter of the globe; they are, however, confined to the tropical and subtropical regions, gradually disappearing in the temperate zones. ‘These spiders are found under
* It is unfortunate that one eannot restore to this genus the name Z’homisoides, given to it by Nicolet. Walckenaer had seen Nicolet’s unpublished figures, but, on the ground that the name given to the genus was unsuitable, substituted Sicarius.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Arachn. Aran., Vol. II., June 1899. ay
50 ARANEIDEA.
logs of wood, stones, the bark of trees, &c., and are often abundant in the angles of windows and the corners of dwelling-houses, where they spin a slight web and rest in a crouching position. The known species number between forty and fifty, but there is little doubt that many more remain to be discovered.
SCYTODES. Scytodes, Latreille, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxiv. p. 1384 (1804). Type, S. thoracica, Latr. Hab. Kurope.
Of the species of this genus occurring in Central America, three only are known to me; they may be distinguished as follows :—
A. Sternum smooth or clothed with fine hairs only (¢); legs annulated, streaked, or speckled with black.
a. Legs yellow, entirely spotted and annulated with black, except the tarsi. Carapace and sternum variegated with black, without U-shaped central mark. Abdomen pale brown, more or less streaked and speckled with black. Mandible in both sexes with a series of conspicuous striz on the outer side and a minute cusp at the base of the femur of the pedipalp on the inner side. Ventral surface of abdomen of the female with a pair of adjacent, elongate-oval, dark chitinous depressions, immediately behind the genital rima. Palpal bulb short, broad-ensiform, its apex exhibiting a short sharp spur. Anterior central eyes fully one diameter from the anterior margin of the clypeus eee eee ee longipes, Luc.
b. Legs pale yellow, with a few linear black spots and lines beneath the femora and on the dorsal surface and sides of the tibiz, whose apex is very distinctly black. Carapace reticulated with brown, with a central con- spicuous U-shaped mark, its apex emarginate and resting on the central line towards the posterior margin, the two branches directed forwards. Sternum sometimes unicolorous, often delicately margined and speckled with brown. Mandible with scarcely a trace of striation on the outer side, but the femur of the pedipalp exhibits a distinct minute spine at the base on the inner side. Palpal bulb elongate, geniculate, much developed, dilate towards the apex, lamelliform. Anterior central eyes less than half a diameter from the anterior margin of the clypeus .
B. Sternum clothed with stout papilliform hairs or spines ($). Legs unico- lorous ; apex of femora and tibie darker. Carapace dark fuscous-brown, with a central narrow longitudinal pale band, enclosing a finer dark streak ; also a pale lateral area broken and reticulated with brown. Abdomen pale purple-brown, with or without transverse pale bars. Palpal bulb elongate, ensiform, terminating in a fine filiform spine
championi, sp. n.
hebraica, E. Sim.
SCYTODES. 51
1. Scytodes longipes. (Tab. IV. fige. 1, la-l,¢; 2, 2a,¢.) Scytodes longipes, Lucas, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1845, p. 71, t. 1. fig. 2°; E. Simon, P. Z. 8.1891, p. 567%.
Hab. Mexico1!, Amula, Ojos de Agua, Teapa (H. H. Smith); Guatemata (Sarg), Cahabon (Champion); Panama, David in Chiriqui (Champion).—Soutu AmMeErtca?; ANTILLES, St. Vincent 2.
Numerous examples of both sexes of this distinctly-marked species, as identified by M. Simon (loc. cit.). have been received from various parts of Central America. This form appears to be abundant in the Antilles and in Tropical South America. According to M. Simon, S. marmorata, 'Tacz., S. longipes, Keys., and 8. taczanowskii, 'Thor., are all synonymous with S. longipes, Lucas.
Walckenaer is of opinion that S. longipes, Luc., is the male of S. omosites, Walck., and that S. rufipes, Luc., the type of which is a female. belongs to the same species. So far as one can judge from the figures, I should say that S. longipes, Luc., belonged to Scytodes, and S. rujipes, Luc., to Loxosceles; but I should not like to speak too positively on the point.
2. Scytodes hebraica, (Tab. IV. figg. 3, 3a, ¢ ; 4, 3, var.; 5,5a, 2.) - Scytodes hebraica, E. Simon, P. Z. 8. 1891, p. 568, t. 42. fig. 14 (9) ". Types, ¢ 2, in Mus. Brit. Hab. GuatemMata, Cahabon (Champion), Roknimha, Choctum, San Antonio (Sarg), Yzabal (G. Lopez).—ANTILLES, St. Vincent !.
The type of S. hebraica, from the Island of St. Vincent, is now before me. ‘The specimens from Guatemala doubtless belong to the same species.
3. Scytodes championi, sp. n. (Tab. IV. figg. 6, 6a-d, 2.) Types, d 2, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
3, length 4 millim.; 9, length 5-25 millim. Hab. Mexico, Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith); Guatemata (Sarg); Panama, Chiriqui (Champion).
The chief characters by which this delicate form can be distinguished from the others here recorded, and also from 8. lineatipes, Tacz., from Venezuela, are given in the table of species, so that there is no need to enumerate them again.
4. Scytodes bajula. Scytodes bajula, E. Simon, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 569, t. 42. fig. 15 (¢ 9)*; Banks, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (3) 1. p. 209 (1898) *. Types, d 9, in Mus. Brit. _ Hab. Mexico, Mazatlan (Banks ?).—VeENEZUELA!; ANTILLES, St. Vincent }. ut 2
52 _ ARANEIDEA.
Banks records two specimens from Mexico which he doubtfully refers to this
species.
5. Scytodes mexicana. Scytodes mexicanus, Banks, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (3) i. p. 210, t. 18. fig. 1°.
Hab. Mexico, Mexico city (Banks ').
6. Scytodes perfecta. Scytodes perfecta, Banks, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (3) i. p. 210, t. 18. fig. 2°.
Hab. Mexico (Banks ?).
To judge from Banks’s description and figure, this species is quite distinct from S. longipes, Luc.
Subfam. LOXOSCELINA.
Colulus present between the anterior spinners. Anterior row of eyes very strongly recurved ; lateral eyes almost in contact. Tarsal claws two, set on a short onychium. Clypeus oblique, porrected. External side of mandible finely striate. Inner side of femur of palpus set with one short stridulatory spine. Mandibles with a membranous lip on the outer side at the apex. Palpus of female without a claw or claw-like appendage at the apex. Anterior margin of maxillz strengthened by a chitinous rim, finely serrulate. Carapace compressed, convex, not raised behind. Central thoracic groove very deep and well marked. Body and legs clothed with fine hairs.
The eight or ten species falling into this subfamily are closely allied and widely distributed. The habits of the spiders are somewhat like those of Scytodes. They live under stones and bark of trees or in the crevices of the walls of houses or any other convenient cranny. The web is white, flocculent, and adhesive, irregularly spread over the inside of the retreat, the cocoon being attached to one or other side of the domicile. They crouch at the entrance of the den and venture out a little distance
at night, rapidly retreating if alarmed.
LOXOSCELES.
Loxosceles, Lowe, Zool. Journ. v. p. 321, tab. supp. 48 (1831). Omosites, Walckenaer, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. i. p. 488 (1833) (sec. E. Simon). Scytodes, Walckenaer, Ins, Apt. 1. p. 273 (1837) (ad part. sec. E. Simon).
Type of Lowosceles: Scytodes rufescens, Duf. Hab. Madeira, in domibus.
1. Loxosceles rufipes. (Tab. IV. figg. 7, 7 aj, 2 ; 8, 3.) Scytodes rufipes, Lucas, in Guérin’s Mag. Zool. class, viii. t. 6 (1834) *. ? Scytodes omosites, Walck. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ii. p. 440°; Ins. Apt. i. p. 278 (1837) *.
Hab. Mexico?; Guatemata! (Sarg).—Gumana ®.
There is very little doubt that the specimens of Lowosceles taken by Sarg in
LOXOSCELES.—DIGUETIA. 53
Guatemala are identical with this species, of which a figure of the eyes and another of the spider itself are given by J.ucas.
Subfam. DIGUETIIN A.
Colulus between the anterior spinners present. Anterior row of eyes approximately straight. Tarsal claws three, not set on an onychium. Clypeus high, subvertical. External side of mandible finely striate. Inner side of femur of palpus set with four or five short stout stridulatory spines. Mandibles without a membranous lip on the outer side at the apex. Superior margin of the fang-groove with two small teeth, besides the large dentiform cusp common to the family. Palpus of female without a claw or claw-like appendage at the apex. Anterior margin of maxilla strengthened by a chitinous rim, finely and closely serrulate. Carapace compressed, convex longitudinally in the centre behind the eyes. Central thoracic groove deep. Body and legs clothed with fine hairs, and the former with numerous white bacilliform hairs.
DIGUETIA.
Diguetia, E. Simon, Bull. Mus. Paris, 1895, p. 106 ; Hist. Nat. Araign. ed. 2, i. p. 1068. Ervig, O. P.-Cambridge, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn. Aran. i. p. 151 (Aug. 1895). Segestria, MacCook, Amer. Spiders, iii. t. 29. figg. 7, 7 a (part.).
Type of Diguetia, Segestria canities, MacCook; of Ervig, H. albolineatus, O, P.-Cambr.
1. Diguetia albolineata. (Tab. IV. figg. 9, 9a-h, 2 ; 10,104, 3.) Ervig albolineatus, O. P.-Cambr. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn. Aran. i. pp. 151, 221, t. 19. figg. 3, 3a-e (2), t. 27. figg. 6, 6a-e( 3d)’. Types, ¢ 2, in coll. Godman & Salvin. Hab. Mexico, Venta de Zopilote in Guerrero (H. H. Smith ').
M. Simon considers this species to be identical with S. canities, MacCook, and he has kindly forwarded me a female of the latter for examination. One cannot, however, form a definite opinion until more material comes to hand from North America.
2. Diguetia propinqua. Ervig propinquus, O. P.-Cambr. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn, Aran. i. p. 221, t. 27. figg. 2, 2a-e(?)'. Type, 2, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
Hab. Mexico, Atlixco in Puebla (Godman ').
Fam. ZODARIID/.
Eyes eight; spinners six; colulus absent; anterior pair of legs larger and longer than the others, Tarsal claws three, except in Hermippus.
The spiders of this family are in very many characters, general as well as special, similar to the Gnaphoside, the chief difference lying in the number of the tarsal claws. Two genera alone are represented, so far, in Central America, and, in all probability, one of these, Cryptothele, has been recorded from this region through an error.
54 ARANEIDEA.
STORENA. Storena, Walckenaer, Tabl. Aran. p. 83 (1805). Tenedos, O. P.-Cambridge, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn. Aran. i. p. 226 (1897). Type of Storena, 8. cyanea, Walck. ; of Tenedos, 7. lautus, O. P.-Cambr.
1. Storena lauta. Tenedos lautus, O. P.-Cambr. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn. Aran. i. p. 226, t. 29. figg.6, 6a-e (d)’.
Type, d, in coll. Godman & Salvin. Hab. Guatemata, Antigua (Stoll ?).
2. Storena tinga, nom. n. Storena lauta, O. P.-Cambr. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn. Aran. 1. p. 279, t. 81. figg. 10,10 a-d(¢)’.
Type, 2, in coll. Godman & Salvin. Hab. Mexico, Amula in Guerrero (H. H. Smith ').
CRY PTOTHELE.
Cryptothele, Lu. Koch, Die Arachn. Austral. i. p. 239 (1871). Type, C. verrucosa, L. Koch: Samoa.
1. Cryptothele cristata. Cryptothele cristata, E. Simon, Compt. rend. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxviii. (8) p. eccii (1884) *.
Type, ¢ juv., in coll. E. Simon. Hab. Mexico}.
M. Simon (Hist. Nat. Araign. ed. 2, i. p. 422, nota) considers that the locality quoted is probably incorrect.
Fam. GNAPHOSIDA*.
Eyes eight, situated in two transverse, more or less parallel, rows. Lung-sacs two. Tracheal stigmata convergent, situated just before the anterior pair of spinners. Maxille straight or incurved, deeply impressed obliquely across the middle. Tarsal claws two. Tarsi and protarsi i. and ii., apex of protarsi iii., and tarsi iil. and iv. scopulate beneath. Spinners six; anterior pair the longest, widely separate at the base. Colulus absent, represented only by a few closely grouped convergent hairs,
This family is, so far as our present knowledge extends, by no means well represented in the fauna of Central America; seven genera, including eleven species, comprising the whole number. The members of the family may be distinguished from those groups of the family Clubionide to which they bear a close general resemblance by
the more widely separated anterior pair of spinners, the deeply impressed maxilla, and * The family name Drasside disappears with the lapse of the generic term Drassus as a synonym of
Gnaphosa. The name Gnaphoside has been substituted by R. I. Pocock [Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) ii. p. 219, nota (Sept. 1898). ]
GNAPHOSA. 55
the absence of regular pairs of spines beneath the tibiz and protarsi of the first and second pairs of legs.
The seven genera recorded from Central America may be distinguished by the following characters :—
AA. Posterior row of eyes strongly procurved . . . . . . . . . Ecuemus, E. Sim. BB. Posterior row of eyes straight, or only slightly procurved. A. Lower margin of fang-groove without a carina, either toothed or plain. i. Lower margin of fang-groove armed with two teeth. . . . . Drassopes, Westr. ii. Lower margin of fang-groove either plain or armed with a single _ minute tooth. a. Maxille almost straight, enlarged at the apex. . . . . . Bownwna, O. P.-Cambr. 6. Maxille strongly curved. 1. Posterior row of eyes not, or scarcely, wider than the anterior row. a*, Posterior row of eyes widely distant from anterior row. Central posteriors two and a half diameters apart . . Czxsonia, E. Sim. 6*, Posterior row of eyes close to the anterior row. Central posteriors scarcely one diameter apart . . . Prosrussima, L. Koch. 2. Posterior row of eyes much wider than anterior row. (An-
terior centrals much larger than the laterals.) . . . . Scoropnaus, EH. Sim. B. Lower margin of fang-groove with a stout chitinous carina. . . Gnapuosa, Latr. GNAPHOSA.
Gnaphosa, Latreille, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxiv. p. 134 (1804). Drassus, Walckenaer, Tabl. Aran. p. 45 (1805).
Type G. lucifuga (Walck.).
This genus, resembling in general appearance Prosthesima, is found all through the temperate regions and those bordering on the tropics, equally in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. Only two species, one of which is remarkable for the long spiral spine attached to the palpal organs, have been observed in Central America, though numerous others doubtless occur there.
1. Gnaphosa spiralis, sp. n. (Tab. IV. figg. 18, 18 a-e, 3 .) Type, d, incoll. Godman & Salvin.
3g. Total length 3 millim.
Carapace and legs bright orange-yellow, the former finely margined with black; abdomen clothed with mouse-grey pubescence, having in front a red-brown coriaceous area, its anterior margin fringed with long black hairs. For the figure of the palpal organs, eyes, &c., see Tab. IV.
Hab. GUATEMALA (Sargq).
A single adult male of this remarkable species has been received from Mr. Sarg.
56 ARANEIDEA.
2. Gnaphosa decepta. Gnaphosa decepta, Banks, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (3) i. p. 221, t. 18. fig. 14 (1898) *.
©. Total length 7 millim. Hab. Mexico, Tepic (Banks'). BONNA.
Bonna, O. P.-Cambridge, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn. Aran. i. p. 249 (June 1898). Type B. fidelis, O. P.-Cambr. 92. Immature.
The two rows of eyes wide apart, as in Cesonia, but less so, while the eyes are larger; posterior row procurved, eyes equal, centrals one and a half diameters apart, two diameters from the laterals; anterior row procurved, lateral eyes slightly larger, centrals two diameters apart, one from the laterals ; central quadrangle longer than broad, slightly narrower behind, laterals two and a half diameters apart; laterals of both rows one and a half diameters apart. Clypeus, opposite the lateral eyes, equal to one
diameter of an anterior lateral eye. ;
Inferior margin of fang-groove without teeth; superior margin with two small serrations. Maxille long, quite straight along the inner margin, emarginate on the outer side, only deeply impressed across the middle, broadly rounded at the apex. Sternum oval, longer than broad. Legs similar to those of Cesonia. Anterior tarsi and protarsi and posterior tarsi scopulate. Tarsal claws two, claw-tuft present. Anterior protarsi with a pair of stout spines near the base beneath ; anterior tibie with two stout spines beneath, one towards the middle, the other at the apex. Posterior tibiew spinose beneath, protarsi numerously spinose above and below. ‘Tibia iii. with a stout spine also towards the base above.
1. Bonna fidelis, Bonna fidelis, O. P.-Cambr. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn. Aran. 1. p. 250, t. 33. figg. 1, 1 a-e(2)°. Type, 2, in coll. Godman & Salvin. . Hab. Mexico, Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith?).
CESONIA.
Herpyilus, Hentz, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. p. 454 (1847) (part.).
Pecilochroa, Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad. viii. p. 174 (1889) (part.).
Cesonia, E. Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. ed. 2, i. p. 375 (1893).
Helvidius, O. P.-Cambridge, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn. Aran.i. p. 220 (1896).
Type C. belineata (Hentz).
Rows of eyes widely separate ; posterior row straight, scarcely broader than the anterior row, eyes subequal, centrals further from each other than from the laterals ; anterior row (seen from above) procurved, (seen from in front) straight, almost equal, less than one diameter apart, equidistant. Clypeus as high as one
and a half diameters of an anterior central eye. Maxille impressed in the centre; labium nearly twice as long as broad. Lower margin of fang-groove without teeth ; upper margin with three short cusps.
1. Cesonia lugubris. (Tab. IV. fig. 17, 2.)
Helvidius lugubris, O. P.-Cambr. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn. Aran. i. p. 221, t. 27. figg. 1, la-e (2 y%, Cesonia lugubris, O. P.-Cambr. loc. cit. p. 281 ?.
Type, 2, in coll. Godman & Salvin. Hab. Mexico, Amula in Guerrero (H. H. Smith).
CESONIA.—PROSTHESIMA. 57
Fourteen or fifteen examples of the female sex of this handsome species were taken by Mr. Smith, but no males. ‘The locality was not appended to the original description of the species !.
9. Cesonia fugax. Cesonia fugaz, O. P.-Cambr. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn. Aran. i. p. 281, t. 82. figg. 5, 5a-c (2)’.
Type, 2, in coll. Godman & Salvin. Hab. Mexico, Amula (H. H. Smith ?).
3. Cesonia mexicana. Cesunia mexicana, Banks, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (3) i. p. 221, t. 13. fig. 24 (1898) '.
3. Length 6 millim.; 9, 7 millim. Hab. Mexico, Tepic, Orizaba (Banks '*).
This species is very likely identical with C. lugubris, O. P.-Cambr. ; and if so, the latter name has priority.
PROSTHESIMA.
Melanophora, C. Koch, in Panzer’s Deutschl. Insecten, tabb. 20, 21 (Dec. 1833) (nomen preoce.)*- Prosthesima, L. Koch, Abhandl. Ges. Niirnb. vi. p. 189 (1872).
Type P. subterranea (C. Koch).
The two species of this genus known to me may be distinguished as follows :—
A. Carapace and legs orange-yellow ; abdomen ochreous-yellow . . lutea, sp. n. B. Carapace, legs, and abdomen deep brown or sooty-black . . . . mesta, QO. P.-Cambr.
1. Prosthesima lutea, sp. n. (Tab. IV. figg. 16, 16a, 2.) Type, 2, in coll. Godman & Salvin. Total length 7-5 millim.
Q. Carapace, sternum, and legs pale orange-yellow. Abdomen dull yellow-ochre, clothed with fine dark hairs. For the figure of the vulva, see Tab. IV. fig. 16a.
Hab. Guatemata (Sarg).
A single adult female only has been received.
2. Prosthesima mesta. (Tab. LV. figg. 15, 15a, ¢; 154, 2.) Prosthesima mesta,O.P.-Cambr. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn. Aran.i, p. 245, t. 33. figg.2,2a-~(d)’. Type d, cotype 2, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
Hab. Mexico, Amula in Guerrero (H. H. Smith ').
* The name Melanophora given by C. Koch to this group in 1833 had already been used by Meigen for a genus of Diptera [‘ Magazin fiir Insektenkunde,’ von Karl Illiger. Braunschweig, ii. p. 279 (1803)}].
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Arachn. Aran., Vol. II., September 1899. It
58 ARANEIDEA.
3. Prosthesima mexicana. | Prosthesima mexicana, Banks, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (3) 1. p. 217, t. 18. fig. 18 (2) -
@. Length 6-8 millim. Hab. Mexico, Mexico city and Orizaba (Banks).
4. Prosthesima fidelis. Prosthesima fidelis, Banks, loc. cit. p. 219, t. 13. fig. 19 (@)* ©. Length 3-6 millim.
Hab. Mexico, Minatitlan (Banks 3).
5. Prosthesima indecisa. Prosthesima indecisa, Banks, loc. cit. p. 220, t. 13. fig. 20 (d)'. é. Length 7 millim.
Hab. Mexico, San Miguel de Horcasitas (Banks ').
SCOTOPH AUS. Scotopheus, E. Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign. éd. 2, i. p. 3871 (1893). Type S. guadripunctatus (Linn.).
This genus is abundantly represented in Europe, and in England by the single species S. blackwalli (Thor.). There are two species from Central America, both new,
which may be distinguished, in addition to the characters furnished by the vulva, by the following :—
A. Size much larger: length 16 millim. Central posterior eyes two diameters apart, at least four diameters from the laterals. Abdomen unicolorous brown above ee ie ees ey
B. Size much smaller: length 8°5 millim. Central posterior eyes one and a half diameters apart, two diameters from the laterals. Abdo-
men black, with central dorsal pale band, broken up transversely towards the spinners .
guatemalensis, sp. n.
pictus, sp. n.
1. Scotophzus guatemalensis, sp. n. (Tab. V. fig. 1, 9.) Type, @, in coll. Godman & Salvin. Q. Total length 16 millim.
Legs, carapace, and sternum mahogany-brown, clothed with a dense grey pubescence and fine grey hairs.
Abdomen clothed with dense ochre-grey pubescence. Tibiei. and ii. with 2—2—1 spines beneath, the first pair being apical. Protarsus i. and ii. with a pair of spines at the base. Vulva very simple, consisting of a short tongue-like prominence, followed by a deep groove, dilate at first, narrowing in the centre, again dilate at the genital rima, which divides the vulva into two rounded chitinous lobes. (Tab, V. fig. 1.)
Hab. GuatEMata (Sarg).
A single adult female.
“%
SCOTOPH AUS.—DRASSODES. 59
2. Scotopheus pictus, sp. n. (Tab. IV. fig. 14,2.) Type, 2, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
Q. Total length 8-5 millim.
Carapace, sternum, and mouth-parts dark mahogany-brown, legs paler. Abdomen sooty-black, with a pale, broad, central band, more or less broken up into transverse bars towards the spinners. Spinners pale yellow.
Posterior row of eyes almost straight, eyes nearly equal, almost equidistant, centrals slightly nearer, one and a half diameters apart, two diameters from laterals; anterior row slightly procurved, centrals larger than laterals, almost contiguous with each other and with the laterals ; posterior row wider than the anterior. Tarsi and protarsi i. and ii. with a thick black scopula beneath; protarsi with a pair of spines at the base. Tibi i. and ii. with a single row of three spines beneath.
The vulva consists of a small triangular concavity, having a central chitinous tongue. (See Tab. IV. fig. 14.)
Hab. Mexico, Omilteme in Guerrero (H. H. Smith).
ECHEMUS. Echemus, E. Simon, Arachn. Fr. iv. p. 99 (1878). Type EF. ambiguus, E. Sim. Basses-Alpes.
For generic characters, see table of genera.
1. Echemus pedestris. Echemus pedestris,O. P.-Cambr. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn. Aran.i. p. 273, t.32. figg. 13,18 a-d(@)'.
Type, 2, in coll. Godman & Salvin. Hab. Mexico, Amula in Guerrero (H. H. Smith?).
2. Echemus ochraceus, sp. n. (Tab. IV. figg. 11, 1la, 4,¢.) Type, 3d, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
Total length 6 millim. Carapace, legs, sternum, and mouth-parts pale orange-yellow. Abdomen paler, with brown hairs on the
dorsal surface. Ventral area pale, with a narrow central band of brown hairs. Tibie i. and ii. with two spines in a row on the anterior margin beneath ; protarsus i. with one spine,
il, with a pair of spines at the base beneath.
Tibia of palpus with a longer sharp spur on the outer side directed forwards, and another smaller cusp above, inclined towards the inner side. Bulb with a long stout spine on the inner side, its apex black, sharp, passing the distal margin of the bulb, and curving slightly outwards.
Hab. Mexico, Amula in Guerrero (H. H. Smith). A single adult male.
DRASSODES.
Drassodes, Westring, Aranewe Suecice, p. 860 (1862). Type D. lapidosus (Walck.).
Two species only of this genus are represented in the Central-American collections before me, though others have been described by Mr. N. Banks from Mexico. The
name Drassus, so long associated with the forms now referred to Drassodes, has become if 2 of
60 ARANEIDEA.
a synonym of Gnaphosa—since the type of Drassus is D. lucifugus (Walck.), a species which now falls under the genus Gnaphosa. ‘The two species known to me may be distinguished by the following characters :—
A. Tibia iii. and iv. without dorsal spines. Vulva large, with a stout
chitinous horseshoe, its open side directed forwards . - - + + + ferrum-equinum, sp. 0. B. Tibie iii, and iv. with dorsal spines. Vulva small, hemispherical, with
a tongue-like process, very narrow at its base, suddenly broadening
into a transverse oblong piece behind. . . - - + + + + + ° centralis, sp. 0.
1. Drassodes ferrum-equinum, sp. n. (Tab. IV. figg. 12, 124, 6, 2.) Type, 2, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
@. Total length 7°5 millim.
Carapace mahogany-brown, suffused with dark sooty-brown over the ocular area, and lightly reticulated with the same colour over the sides. Sternum deep mahogany-brown, suffused with darker brown over the margins. Legs mahogany-orange-brown. Abdomen clothed with short madder-brown pubescence.
Posterior row of eyes slightly procurved, eyes subequal, centrals almost in contact, just under one transverse diameter apart; anterior row slightly procurved, eyes subequal, almost in contact; laterals scarcely one diameter apart. Clypeus as high as one diameter of an anterior central eye. Tibie iii. and iv. without dorsal spines. Vulva horseshoe-shaped. (See Tab. IV. fig. 12.)
Ilab. Mexico, Amula in Guerrero (H. H. Smith).
This small species belongs to that group of the genus of which D. troglodytes, C. Koch, may be regarded as the type, characterized by the more closely grouped eyes and the absence of spines on the upperside of tibiz iii. and iv.
2. Drassodes centralis, sp.n. (Tab. IV. fig. 13, 9 .) Type, 2, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
Q. Total length 9 millim.
Carapace, legs, and sternum pale yellow-brown, suffused over the caput with darker mahogany-brown. Mandibles and margins of sternum also darker.
Central posterior eyes distinctly larger than the laterals, less than half a diameter apart, two diameters from the laterals; posterior row slightly procurved ; central anteriors a full diameter apart, less than half a diameter from the laterals; anterior row slightly procurved ; laterals of both rows one diameter apart.
Clypeus (in centre) one and a half diameters from the central anterior eyes. Upper margin of fang-groove with three teeth, lower margin with two teeth. Protarsi i. and ii. with a single spine beneath close to the base. ‘Tibi i. and ii. with a single spine about the middle beneath. Tibie and protarsi iii. and iv. numerously spinose. ‘Tibiz ili, and iv. with two dorsal spines above, one near the base, the other towards the apex. Tarsi and protarsi i. and ii. scopulate beneath ; tarsi iii. and iv. alone scopulate.
Vulva transverse triangular, with curved sides, forming a black-margined hemicircle; from its anterior margin springs a tongue-like process, very narrow at the base, suddenly enlarging to form a broad, transverse, oblong chitinous piece, margined with black, its posterior side slightly protuberant in the middle ; close to its anterior angles lies a smooth round chitinous spot.
Hab. Mexico, Puebla (Godman).
This species belongs to the group of which the type of the genus, D. lapidosus, is a typical representative.
DRASSODES. 61
3. Drassodes singularis, Drassus singularis, Banks, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (3) i. p. 215, t. 18. fig. 8 *.
Q. Total length 10 millim. Hab. Mexico, Orizaba !.
I have not seen a specimen of this or the following species.
4. Drassodes orizaba, Drassus orizaba, Banks, loc. cit. p. 215, t. 13. fig. 11°.
@. Total length 9 millim. Hab. Mexico, Orizaba!.
5. Drassodes perditus, Drassodes perditus, Banks, loc. cit. p. 216, t. 18. fig. 7°.
3. Total length 10 millim.; 92, length 12 millim. Hab. Lower Catirornia, Agua Caliente !.—Mzexico, Mexico city ?
If Mr. Banks wished to separate the above three species under two generic names, the name Drassus, at any rate, is no longer available for either of them.
6. Drassodes pallidipalpis. Drassus pallidipalpis, Bilimek, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xvii. p. 906 (1867) '.
Hab. Muxico, Cave of Cacahuamilpa!.
Fam, CLUBIONIDA.
Eyes eight, situated in two transverse, more or less parallel rows. Lung-sacs two. Tracheal stigmata convergent, situated just before the anterior pair of spinners. Maxille long, straight or sometimes somewhat curved, convex in the middle. ‘Tarsal claws two. Claw-tuft present, consisting of a dense cluster of scopuliform hairs. ‘arsi and protarsi i. and ii., apex of protarsi iii. and iv., and tarsi ii. and iv. scopulate beneath. Spinners six; anterior pair usually shortest, situated close together at the base. Colulus absent, but often represented by a small cluster of hairs. Legs normal, not laterigrade.
The various subfamilies into which the representatives of this family may conveniently be divided can be recognized as follows :—
A. Anterior tibiz and protarsi without any definite double series of long movable
spines. a. Terminal segment of posterior spinners very short, compressed hemispherical. * Apex of maxille rounded . 2 1/1 ee ee ee we ee eee CORINNINE, ** Avex of maxille subtruncate . 2. 6 ee ee ee we ee ee 6 Micaruineg. b. Terminal segment of posterior spinners longer, more conical, sometimes nearly as long as the basal segment . . . . . .. .- see es 4 CLUBIONINZ.
B. Anterior tibize and protarsi with a definite double series of long movable spines on the underside . . 2. 1 1 ee eee ee ee ew we we we ew) «Lr RANINR.
62 ARANEIDEA.
Subfam. CORINNINAL.
Spinners with a very short conico-convex terminal segment only. The apex of the maxillz furnished on the inner side with a tuft of incurving hairs, and beneath this a thick row of short, stiff, densely clustered bristles. Lateral eyes often (Déestus and some Corinne) set on tubercles. Mandibles robust, often gibbous above, sometimes immensely developed in the male sex (Megalostrata). Sternum with a reflexed margin in front, sometimes all round. Central spinners cylindrical (Corinna), or longitudinally compressed (Trachelas). Carapace, mandibles, and sometimes the sternum and legs, rugulose, granulose, or rugulo- granuloso-impunctate. Legs more or less spinose (Corinna and Megalostrata), or entirely without spines (most 7'rachelas). Tibiz and protarsi, and often the tarsi of i. and ii., with more or less numerous cuspules beneath. Tibi i. and ii. (except in Zrachelas) with three, four, or five pairs of spines beneath ; protarsi i. and ii. with two pairs, and often with a single apical spine. Tarsi, and apex at least of protarsi, more or less scopulate. Claw-tuft consisting of a dense cluster of scopuliform hairs.
GENERA. I. Maxille more or less rounded, not dilate at the apex nor concave on the outer side. Posterior row of eyes procurved. Central pair of spinners more or less cylindrical. Legs more or less spinose. A. Eyes of the posterior row equidistant, or centrals further from each other than from the laterals. Mandibles of the male with 3 large teeth only on the lower margin . . . . . . . . Meceatosrrata, Karsch. B. Eyes of the posterior row not equidistant, centrals further from the laterals than from each other. Mandibles of the male with 4-5 teeth on the lower margin . . . . . 2. 1 ee. Corinna, C. Koch. II. Maxille long, straight, concave on the outer side, dilate at the apex. Posterior row of eyes recurved. Central pair of spinners longi- tudinally compressed. Legs almost entirely devoid of spines . . Tracuetas, L. Koch.
MEGALOSTRATA. Megalostrata, Karsch, Zeitschr. fir Naturw. lili. p. 377 (1880). Delozeugma, O. P.-Cambridge, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn. Aran. i. p. 105 (1893). Type UM. venifica, Karsch, 3. Costa Rica.
The chief characteristic of this genus lies in the enormous size of the mandibles in the male sex. The lower margin of the fang-groove has three teeth, and the fang itself is furnished sometimes with a tooth on the underside near the base. Otherwise there is little difference between Megalostrata and Corinna. The lower margin of the fang-groove in the immature female has five teeth.
The four species may be recognized by the following characters :—
Males.
A. Fang of mandible with a longer or shorter, stout conical tooth near the base beneath. Tibial spur of the palpus simple, rounded, not bifid.
1. The two teeth on the base of the mandible beneath situated nearer together, by less than (about half) the length of the anterior
MEGALOSTRATA.—CORINNA. 63
tooth. Tarsus of pedipalp not so much longer than broad (two and a half times). a. Tibial spur of pedipalp directed inwards. . . . . . . . venifica, Karsch. b. Tibial spur of pedipalp directed outwards . . . . . . mordicans, O. P.-Cambr. 2. The two teeth on the base of the mandible beneath situated far apart, by more than the length of the anterior tooth. Tarsus of pedipalp much longer (three and a half times) than broad . . formidadilis, O. P.-Cambr. B. Fang of mandible without any tooth near the base beneath. Tibial spur of palpus deeply bifid . . . . . . . . . « « « « Gepicta, O. P.-Cambr.
1. Megalostrata venifica. Megalostrata venifica, Karsch, Zeitschr. fiir Naturw. liii. p. 378, t. 12. figg. 5, 5a, 6 (3)’.
Type, ¢, in Mus. Berol. Hab. Costa Rica (Hoffmann ').
2. Megalostrata mordicans. Delozeugma mordicans, O. P.-Cambr. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn. Aran. i. p. 225, t. 28. figg. 1,
la-g (d)’. Type, g, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
Hab. Guatemata, Tactic in Vera Paz} (Sarg), Cahabon } (Champion).
3. Megalostrata formidabilis. Delozeugma formidabile, O. P.-Cambr. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn. Aran. i. p. 106, t. 14. figg. 5, 5a-h(d)’. Type, ¢, in coll. Godman & Salvin. Hab. Mexico, Guajuanato (A. Dugés!); Costa Rica, San José (Tristan).
4. Megalostrata depicta. Delozeugma depictum, O. P.-Cambr. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn. Aran, i. pp. 145, 183, t. 19. figg. 1, la-d()'. Type, d, in coll. Godman & Salvin. Hab. Mexico, Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Sinith').
CORINNA.
Corinna, C. Koch, Die Arachniden, ix. p. 17 (1842) *. Hypsinotus, L. Koch, Keyserling, Marx, etc. (ad part.).
Type C. rubripes, C. Koch. Brazil.
Legs more or less spinose. Lower margin of the fang-groove of the mandibles with from 4-5 teeth. Posterior row of eyes scarcely wider than the anterior row, procurved. Maxille usually strongly rounded, but
* Temecula, O. P.-Cambridge, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arachn. Aran. i. p. 170, referred by M. E. Simon to Corinna (Hist. Nat. Araign. 2nd edit. ii, pp. 197, 199), is a three-clawed spider, and does not fall into the family Clubionide.
64 : ARANEIDEA.
often more nearly straight, and slightly dilate at the apex. Sternum not produced between coxe iil. and iv. Central pair of spinners more or less cylindrical. Mandibles stout, often gibbous at the base above. Lateral eyes often set on a small tubercle.
This genus is well represented in the Central-American fauna. The species known to me can be divided into two distinct groups, which may some day receive names and be ranked as genera. The chief difference lies in the form of the maxilla, almost straight in C. bulbosa and C. bulbula, rounded in the other species.
We have not received specimens of any of the six species previously described (C. cinnamia, E. Sim., excepted) from within our limits, and I have not attempted to include them in the following table :—
Males.
A. Eyes, as a group, more widely separate, anteriors one diameter of the centrals apart. Maxille more than twice as long as the labium, almost straight, dilate at the apex, concave at the middle of the outer side. Carapace broad in front ; cephalic area abruptly inclined behind.
1. Protarsus i. with 2—2 spines beneath and a single central apical spine. Abdomen with a dorsal and ventral scutum. Lower margin of fang- groove with 6 teeth. : soe oe wie oe bulbula, sp. 1.
2. Protarsus i. with 2—2 spines beneath, but no central apical spine.
Abdomen without dorsal or ventral scutum. Lower margin of fang-
groove with 4 teeth. 6 oa wg ea
B. Eyes, as a group, much closer together, anteriors seldom over half a diameter of the centrals apart. Maxillee shorter, half as long again as labium, curved, not dilate, convex on the outer side. Carapace narrowed in front; cephalic area gradually inclined behind. (Protarsi i. and ii. without any apical, central spine.)
a. Legs not granulose, the coxe alone slightly so.
* Abdomen without dorsal scutum. Bulb with two spines at its apex and a racket-shaped membranous process. (Lower margin of fang-groove with 5 teeth.)
1, Clypeus higher, two and a quarter diameters of an anterior central eye. Unca on tibial spur slender and strongly curved. Tibial spur minutely bifid at the apex. Bulb with two broad spines and a membranous process, the former separate at the base - . falcula, sp. n.
2. Clypeus lower, scarcely two diameters of an anterior central eye. Unca on tibial spur long, very broad, compressed basally, shortly uncate at the apex. Tibial spur trifid. Bulb with a pair of stout
sharp spines, coalescent at the base, curving outwards, and a membranous process .
bulbosa, sp. 0.
: . ss 8 8 ee. 6 Uncata, sp. un. ** Abdomen with dorsal scutum. Bulb with a ies curving scimitar-
shaped flat broad spine springing from the inner side at its apex, its point directed outwards, coinciding with the apex of an S-shaped
membranous process. (Lower margin of fang-groove with 5 teeth.) . mucronata, sp. n F ) . .
CORINNA. , 65
6. Legs granulose. i. Central and lateral anterior eyes almost in contact. aa. Lower margin of fang-groove with 5 teeth. Clypeus low, one and a quarter diameters of an anterior central eye. Bulb with a single stout strongly curved spine at its apex, directed outwards, its point lying on a racket-shaped membrane. . . . . nervosa, sp. n. 6b. Lower margin of fang-groove with 6 teeth. Clypeus higher, two and a quarter diameters of an anterior central eye. Bulb with two separate spines, or spurs, and also a racket-shaped membrane. bicuspis, sp. n. ii. Central and lateral anterior eyes wider apart, separated by nearly half adiameter. . 2. 2. 1 6 6 ew ee ee we we ew ee «parecdoxa, sp. 0.
Females F.
A. Lower margin of fang-groove with 5-7 teeth. I. Sternum and legs (or at least the anterior side of the femora) finely and closely granulose. a. Lower margin of fang-groove with 6 or 7 teeth. * Abdomen clay-yellow with brown pattern. Body and legs clothed with fine long semi-erect hairs. . . 2. 6 . 2 we + es «retusa, Sp. De ** Abdomen unicolorous olive-brown. Body and legs clothed with very short silky pubescence. aa. Clypeus higher, equal to two diameters of an anterior central eye. Anterior side of the femora alone granulose. Vulva consisting of two concavities, with a broad longitudinal bridge between 2 2 6 1 ee ee ee ee ww ew AVA, SP. DL bb. Clypeus lower, equal to one and a half diameters of an anterior central eye. Legs entirely more or less granulose. Vulva consisting of a large simple concavity with no longitudinal bridge down its centre. . . . 2. . © «© . « « « « « luctuosa, sp. n. 6. Lower margin of fang-groove with 5 teeth. . . . . 2. . 2. « . Saga, sp.n. II. Sternum (except sometimes a few scattered granulations anteriorly) and legs not granulose. Fang-groove with 5 teeth. * Clypeus higher, just over one diameter of an anterior central eye. a. Vulva consisting of two oval concavities, divided by a narrow longitudinal bridge . . .... . oo. . + « preceps, sp. i. 6. Vulva consisting of a single deep, almost circular cavity with asmall deep fovea between its posterior margin and the genital rima . cinnamia, E. Sim. ** Clypeus lower, less than one diameter of an anterior central eye. Vulva without any concavity or concavities, presenting only a dark wedge-shaped central longitudinal area, limited anteriorly by a distinct semicircular rim. . . - «© © © © + «© 6 «© ss « mucronata.
+ It is not probable that such characters as the height of the clypeus, relative position of the eyes, or the granulation of the legs and sternum will be of much use when the number of known forms increases. The form of the vulva will then alone be useful.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Arachn. Aran., Vol. II., November 1899. Kt
66 | ARANEIDEA.
B. Lower margin of fang-groove with 4 teeth. a. Eyes more closely grouped. Anterior eyes equidistant. Anterior row strongly procurved. No small central apical protarsal spine . . + - bulbosa. b. Eyes widely separate. Central anteriors nearer together than to the laterals. Anterior row slightly procurved or straight. Protarsus i. with a single small central apical, spine beneath. (Carapace precipitous behind. Labium rather over one-third the length of the maxilla. Maxille longer, concave (or in species 4 and 5 not so concave) on the outer side. Trochanter of pedipalp attached distinctly below the middle of the maxilla.) 1. Anterior row of eyes slightly procurved.. Maxille longer and straighter. Legs variegated, black and orange. Abdomen with a pair of pale dorsal spots. 6 6 8 eee a we . oe 8 ee) €6ariegaia, sp. n. 2. Anterior row of eyes straight. Maxille shorter and rounded. Legs orange-brown. Abdomen unicolorous, with a small semilunar white
spot above the spinners. . . . . ee + + © © © + + + « Semiluna, sp. n.
Norr.—The following characters apply to all the species falling under A in the above table; some, however, in the case of the eyes and the mouth-parts, apply also to B a and Bb 2:—Kyes closely grouped ; anterior row more or less procurved ; eyes equidistant, or almost so. Labium not less than half the length of the maxille. Maxille short, broad, not straight, but curving inwards, convex on the outer side, not dilate at the apex. Trochanter of pedipalp attached more nearly at the middle of the maxilla on the outer side. No central apical protarsal spine. Carapace gradually inclined to its base, not precipitous behind the cephalic region, slightly convex at the central fovea, not concave, narrowed in front. Sternum scarcely longer than broad, almost circular. Lower margin of fang-groove with from 5-7 teeth.
1. Corinna nigricans. Corinna nigricans, C. Koch, Die Arachniden, ix. p. 19, fig. 703°. Type, ¢, in Mus. Berol. Total length 8 millim. Hab. Mexico}. , |
2. Corinna raptor. Hypsinotus raptor, L. Koch, Die Drassiden, p. 274, t. 11. figg. 174, 175 (1866) '. Type, d, in coll. Dr. L. Koch, Niirnberg. Length of carapace 6 millim.
Hab. Mexico }.
This species, judging from Dr. Koch’s figures and description, is quite different from any of those described below.
8. Corinna spinifer. Hypsinotus spinifer, Keyserling, Verh. zool,-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxvii. p. 449, t. 6. fig. 20 (1887)', Type, 2, in coll. Mus. Cambridge (Mass.).
Hab. Nicaracva!.
CORINNA. 67
The vulva in this species consists of a convexity with a central deep concavity, according to Keyserling’s figure.
4. Corinna cinnamia. (Tab. V. fig. 19,9, vulva.) Creugas cinnamius, E. Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1888, p. 210 (?)'.
Type, 2, in coll. E. Simon. Total length 10°6 millim.
Hab. Mexico}.
5. Corinna bulbula, sp. n. (Tab. V. figg. 2, 2a, ¢.) Type, ¢, in coll. Godman & Salvin,
Total length 10-5 millim. Carap. 453. Pat.+tib. i. 4°75; iii. 3-5; iv. 4°74.
3. Carapace and mandibles dark mahogany-brown, impunctate-granulose; sternum and maxille slightly paler, granulose. Legs dull orange-yellow, finely granulose. Abdomen dark brown, without a dorsal scutum, and with a central very indistinct pale spot on each side.
Eyes: as a group occupying nearly the whole width of the caput. Posterior row proeurved, eyes subequal, two diameters (almost) apart, two and a half diameters from laterals. Anterior row procurved; centrals larger, scarcely one diameter apart, one full diameter from laterals. Laterals of both rows half a diameter apart. Central quadrangle much broader than long, centrals of both rows half a diameter of an anterior central apart. Carapace with caput distinctly raised, slightly bilobate behind, central fovea deep. Lower fang-groove with five subequal teeth.
Legs: protarsi i. and ii. with two pairs of spines beneath, and a single central apical spine ; tibia i. with four pairs (and a small apical pair) of spines beneath; tibia ii. with a single outer row of four spines,
Palpus: tibia twice as long as broad, with two spurs on the outer side; the upper spur short, broad, dilate, terminating at the apex in a short blunt point; the lower spur shorter, narrower, curving upwards towards the upper spur. Bulb globular, with the spiraloid spermatic duct very distinct, bearing on the outer side a stout process, geniculate and narrowed in the middle, then dilate and ending in a sharp black point at the apex. From the inner apical margin of the bulb springs a long sinuous spine, its apex lying closely in contact with the apex of the external process.
The form of the bulb itself is conspicuously different from that of others of the genus here recorded, resembling C. bulbosa alone in its character.
Hab. Panama, Bugaba (Champion).
6. Corinna bulbosa, sp.n. (Tab. V. figg. 8, 3a,0,6; 4.4a. ¢.) Type d, cotype 2, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
3. Total length 7 millim. Carap. 3-5 x 2-25. (Legs iii. and iv. wanting.) Sternum 1:5 x 1:25.
3. Carapace and mandibles mahogany-brown; rugulose and granulose-impunctate. Sternum and legs mahogany-brown (coxe and base of femora paler) and (except coxe of legs) closely granulose. Abdomen clay-yellow, with a dark shoulder-spot on each side and a broad transverse black bar just behind the middle, often connected with the shoulder-spots (which sometimes coalesce in the centre) by a narrow longitudinal dark line, which has short lateral branches on each side. Following the transverse bar are three or four transverse -~, -shaped indistinct brown bars and a dark blotch immediately above the spinners, which are themselves encircled by a black line.
Ventral area pale clay-yellow.
Carapace precipitous behind, gibbous in the cephalic region, but Iess than in C. variegata, and not so broad in front. Eyes less widely separate. Posterior row procurved ; eyes equal, equidistant, almost two diameters apart. Anterior row strongly procurved; centrals larger, equidistant, one diameter of the centrals apart. Clypeus just over one diameter of an anterior central eye.
Maxille long, more than twice the length of the labium, straight, slightly eoncave on the outer side and dilate
cf KY 2
68 ARANEIDEA.
at the apex (but less so than in ©. variegata). Sternum not much longer than broad. Lower margin of fang-groove with four teeth. i ;
Legs: tibia i. with six pairs of spines, or six on one side and five on the other; tibia il. with five spines on the outer and three on the inner side, the apical pair very small. Protarsi i, and il. with two pairs of spines, but no central apical spine.
Palpus: tibia about twice as long as broad, with a short blunt spur at its apex above, really a development of the segment itself, bearing on the outer side beneath a small, sinuous, wedge-shaped, sharply pointed spur, its apex directed upwards, closely adjacent to the base of the tarsus. Bulb globular, with the spiraloid spermatic duct very distinct; bearing at its apex on the outer side a stout very strongly geniculate process, of which a stout spur-like dentigerous angle is directed outwards, the rest of the process slightly concave, losing itself within the apical portion of the tarsus. From the inner side at the apex of the bulb springs a stout black spine, dilate at the base, filiform towards the apex, which, curving across beneath the anterior tarsal margin, lies in the concavity of the former process, close to its outer margin.
Q. Total length 10 millim. Carap. 3°75x3. Pat.+tib. i. 4; ill. 35 iv. 4°5.
Colour and structure similar to that of the male.
Vulva consisting of a prominent oval convexity, with a fairly small transverse angular-elliptical orifice, having a smaller, deep, dark cavity within, close to the posterior margin. ‘The anterior rim of the larger orifice is the highest point in the convexity and the posterior margin of the vulva is broad and rather deeply concave in the middle, shelving off into the orifice.
‘Hab. Mexico, Teapa (H. H. Smith); Guatemaua (Sarq).
7. Corinna falcula, sp.n. (Tab. V. figg. 5, 5 a-c, 3.) Type, d, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
Total length, incl. mandible, 16 millim. Carap. 65x4:8. Pat.+tib. i. 6°75; iii. 5; iv. 6°75. Prot. iv. 5.
3. Carapace deep black, finely granulose-impunctate; mandibles deep black, coarsely granulose-impunctate. Sternum and coxe of legs deep black, granulose-impunctate. Legs dull orange-brown. Femur and patella of palp orange-brown, tibia and tarsus deep black.
Eyes: posterior row procurved, eyes subequal, centrals two diameters apart, two and a half from laterals. Auterior row slightly procurved ; centrals distinctly, though slightly, larger, less than one diameter apart, one diameter from laterals. Central quadrangle as long as broad. Laterals of both rows half a diameter apart, set on a common tubercle. Clypeus equal to two and a quarter diameters of an anterior central eye. Lower margin of fang-groove with five subequal teeth.
Palpus: tibia, including lateral spurs, very broad; viewed in profile, almost twice broader than long. Tibial spur broad, blunt, concave beneath, with a conspicuous longitudinal carina anteriorly, curved and slightly notched a little behind the apex, broadly concave in front, bearing on the anterior margin, on the outer side, a short curved hook, its point directed upwards and forwards. Tarsus produced on the outer side at the base, bigibbous. Bulb with two short spurs, separate at the base, the outer posterior spur being broader, its outer side in contact with a rounded racket-shaped diaphanous membrane.
Legs: protarsi i. and ii. with two pairs of spines beneath; tibia i. with six, ii. with five pairs.
Hab. Mexico, Omilteme in Guerrero (H. H. Smith).
8. Corinna uncata, sp.n. (Tab. V. figg. 6, 6 a-c, 3.) Type, ¢, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
Total length, incl. mandible, 13 millim. Carap. 6x 4:5. Pat.+tib.i. 65; iii. 5; iv. 6. Prot. iv. 5.
3d. Carapace deep mahogany-brown, almost black, finely impunctate-granulose ; mandibles deep black, coarsely impunctate-granulose. Sternum pale mahogany-brown, finely granulose-impunctate, especially anteriorly ; cox of legs orange-brown, smooth, not impunctate. Legs dull orange-brown. Abdomen dull orange- brown, shot with violet reflections. Palpus mahogany-brown, the two terminal segments darker. :
Eyes similar to those of C. falcula, except that the anterior centrals are slightly larger and the clypeus is
CORINNA. 69
barely equal to two diameters of an anterior central eye. Lower margin of fang-groove with five subequal teeth. Palpus: tibia, including spurs, about as broad as long; tibial spur on outer side broad, depressed, trifid, anterior and posterior branch broad, central divergent, slender, curving downwards. The segment bears on the outer side rather below the middle a long broad unciform process, its base laminate anteriorly, apically strongly uncate. This process almost constitutes a tibial spur in itself, but is merely an exceedingly developed “hook” attached to the anterior margin of the segment. Bulb bearing anteriorly a pair of black curved spiniform spurs, coalescing towards the base ; outside of these is set a racket-shaped membranous appendage. Tarsus of palp broadly produced at the base on the outer side, being bluntly conical on the upperside. Legs: protarsi i. and ii, with two pairs of spines beneath ; tibia i. with six pairs, tibia ii. with five pairs of spines beneath,
Hab. Mexico, Amula in Guerrero (H. H. Smith).
9. Corinna mucronata, sp.n. (Tab. V. figg. 7, 7a, 3; 8, 8a, 2.) Type 3, cotype @, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
$. Total length 11:5 millim. Carap.5x4. Pat.+tab.i1.5°75; iil, 45; iv. 5°75. Prot. i. 3°5; iv. 4°75. Sternum 2°25 x 2.
$. Carapace and mandibles dull black, rugulose, impunctate; sternum and legs red-brown, smooth, except the anterior area of femora i., which is slightly granulose. Legs clothed with fine silky hairs. Abdomen dull clay-yellow, clothed with silky hairs; with a red-brown, dorsal, anterior, elongate-oval, coriaceous scutum, its posterior margin scarcely reaching the middle of the abdomen.
Carapace gradually inclined behind. Posterior row of eyes strongly procurved, eyes subequal, nearly equi- distant ; anterior row procurved ; centrals larger, two-thirds of their diameter apart, half a diameter from the laterals. Clypeus equal to two diameters of an anterior central eye. Lower margin of fung-groove. with five subequal teeth. Maxille less than twice as long as the labium, rounded, and inclined over it. Sternum almost circular. Tibia i. with 4—5 spines beneath, no apical pair. Tibia ii. with 3—3 spines beneath. Protarsi i. and ii. with 2—2 spines, no central apical spine.
Palpus: femur with a row of erect bristles beneath. Tibia longer than the patella, twice as long as broad, bearing on the outer side two apophyses; the upper one (seen from above) straight, slender, gradually narrowing from the base, its bluntly pointed apex directed forwards; the outer one much more complicate, consisting of a broad chitinous ribbon (its upper margin bearing two black prominences) folded over downwards and inwards at the apex, which is itself divided into two lobes, the upper rounded, the lower aculeate.
Bulb bearing a broad, flat, blade-like curved spur, starting from a broader base on the inner apex, and directed outwards, its point coinciding with a somewhat S-shaped membranous process which starts from the outer apex of the bulb. The base of the tarsus is produced on the outer side into a broadly pointed spur.
2. Total length 14 millim. Carap. 55x 4:25. Pat.+tib. i. 5°75; iti, 4:5; iv. 5°75, Prot. 1. 3:5; iv. 5, Sternum 2°75 x 2°5.
Carapace and mandibles deep dull mahogany-black, rugulose-impunctate and granulose, Sternum and mouth- parts dull deep orange-brown, smooth. Legs dull pale orange-brown, smooth. Abdomen olive-brown, with fine, very short silky hairs.
Carapace narrowed in front, one-half narrower than the thoracic area. Caput not gibbous, not precipitous behind, gradually inclined to the posterior margin of the carapace. Eyes closely grouped. Posterior row procurved, subequal; centrals one and a half diameters apart, two diameters from laterals. Anterior row procurved ; centrals larger, one-half a diameter apart, less than this from laterals. Central anteriors just one-half a diameter from central posteriors. Clypeus equal to one and a quarter diameters of an anterior central eye. Lower margin of fang-groove with five teeth. Sternum smooth, scarcely longer than broad; labium half the length of the maxille, the latter short, curved, convex on the outer side; trochanter of palpus attached about the middle.
Legs smooth, clothed with very fine hairs; tibia i. with five pairs of spinners (no apical pair) ; tibia il. with four spines outside, two inside on the apical half of the segment. Protarsi 1. and ii. with two pairs of spines beneath, no apical spines. Tarsi and apex of protarsi clothed with scopuliform hairs.
70 ARANEIDEA.
Vulva very simple, consisting of a convex chitinous area, with a semicircular chitinous rim anteriorly ay : broad dark posterior margin ; the posterior margin is slightly concave at its centre on the upper edge o the genital rima.
Hab. Panama, Bugaba (Champion).
The male of this species is closely allied to C. bellator (L. Koch), from Colombia, of which the type is now before me, but it is quite distinct.
10. Corinna nervosa, sp. n. (Tab. V. figg. 9, 9 a, 3.) Type, d, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
Total length 9 millim. Carap.4x3. Pat.+tib. i. 4°5; iii. 8:25; iv. 4:5. Prot. iv. 3°75.
¢. Carapace and mandibles deep mahogany-brown, coarsely granulose-impunctate. Sternum and coxee of legs dark mahogany-brown, granulose-impunctate. Legs dull orange-brown. Abdomen clothed with ycllow-
_ grey pubescence, having a smooth wedge-shaped space in the dorsal central anterior region.
Eyes similar to those of C. falcula and Q. uncata, except that the lateral anteriors are almost in contact with
the central anteriors and the clypeus is but one and a quarter diameters of an anterior central eye. Lower margin of fang-groove with five subequal teeth.
Palpus: tibia as broad as long; tibial spurs two, the upper one broad, concave beneath, rather bilobate at the apex, the lower one bifid, anterior branch sharp, posterior branch blunt. Bulb bearing a short, stout, strongly curved, spiniform spur, extending from the inner to the outer side, with a racket-shaped membranous appendage situated far from the base of the spine, their apices being in contact. Base of tarsus strongly produced on the outer side in a bilobate form of spur, its apical lobe lying between the two tibial spurs.
Legs granulose.
Hab. Guatemata (Sarg); Panama, Bugaba (Champion).
11. Corinna bicuspis, sp.n. (Tab. V. figg. 10, 10 a-c, 3.) Type, g, in coll, Godman & Salvin.
Total length 9-5 millim. Carap.4°5x3-25. Pat.+tib.i.5; iii. 4; iv. 5:25. Prot. iv. 4:25.
3. Carapace, mandibles, and sternum black, impunctate-granulose. Legs orange-brown, granulose. Abdomen brown, with a large, finely granulose chitinous scutum on the anterior dorsal third.
Eyes similar to those of C. nervosa; clypeus equal to two and a quarter diameters of an anterior central eye. Lower margin of fang-groove with six subequal teeth. Legs as in C. nervosa.
Palpus: tibia broader than long, with two large spurs, the upper one simple, very stout, concave beneath, the lower one with two processes at its apex, one rounded, convex, shiny black, the other uncate, springing from the somewhat concave apex of the process. Bulb with two short spurs, the inner one more slender, sharp, and simple at the apex, the other tending to be bifid and broader; beyond these in the same transverse line is a small racket-shaped membranous appendage. Tarsus very strongly produced at the base on the outer side above, the process being bilobate, each lobe stout, incurved, and bluntly pointed at the apex.
Hab. Mexico, Amula in Guerrero (H. H. Smith).
12. Corinna paradoxa, sp.n. (Tab. V. figg. 11, 11 a-e, ¢.) Type, d, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
Total length 9 millim. Carap.4x3. Pat.+tab. i. 4°75; iii. 3°55 iv. 4°75.
d+ Carapace and mandibles deep mahogany-brown, impunctate-granulose; sternum and maxille paler ; legs orange-brown, granulose. Abdomen brown, with two pale spots in the centre of the dorsal area and a single pale spot immediately above the spinners.
Eyes and carapace as in C. falcula; anterior row of eyes strongly procurved ; centrals almost half a diameter apart, the same distance from the laterals. Legs: tibia i. with five pairs of spines beneath; protarsus i. with two pairs; tibia ii. with four pairs bencath. Carapace gradually convex, central fovea shallow.
CORINNA. ral
Palpus: patella very short, convex, scarcely longer than. broad. Tibia very broad, its apex above produced into a broad, blunt point, concave beneath, directed over the base of the tarsus: it bears two large lateral spurs on the outer side; the upper one more or less simple, rounded, convex, bicuspid, the upper branch very convex, terminating in a short blunt black point, concave beneath; the lower spur has a large concave area at its base on the inner side, whence springs a pale elongate slender process, directed forwards. Above this area lies on the inner side a shining chitinous convex piece, concave within. The apex of the spur is bifid, the inner branch uncate, the outer longer and straight.
Bulb bearing two dark spurs at its apex and a long slender membranous process. The larger spur is very broad (almost the whole width of the bulb) at the base, narrowing to a point (seen from above), but (seen from the inner side) is concave and broad at the apex. The smaller spur, lying between the former and the membranous process, is shorter and also broader when seen from the inner side.
The tarsus is produced into a very stout sinuous process at its base on the outer side. (This last and the two tibial spurs are very difficult to see, since they all lie closely together.) Lower margin of fang-groove with five subequal teeth.
Hab. GUATEMALA, near the city (Stold).
13. Corinna preceps, sp. n. (Tab. V. fig. 12, 2.) Type, 2, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
Total length 10 millim. Carap.4x3. Pat.+tib. i. 4°25; iii. 3°25; iv. 5. Prot.i.2°5; iv. 3°5. Sternum 2x 1-75.
@. Colour and structure as in C. mucronata, but the carapace and mandibles are blacker, and the legs darker orange-brown. Carapace and mandibles less strongly rugulose-impunctate. Eyes grouped more closely, anteriors almost in contact. Lower margin of fang-groove with five teeth. Central anterior eyes only very slightly larger than laterals; clypeus just over one diameter of an anterior central eye. Sternum very slightly granulose anteriorly ; legs smooth. ‘Tibia i. with three pairs of spines beneath, no apical pair; ii. with three spines on the outer side. Protarsus i. with two pairs of spines and no apical spine.
Vulva exceedingly similar to that of C. nava; consisting of two oval concavities divided by a narrow chitinous bridge connecting the anterior and posterior margins; the anterior and lateral margins are rugulose and impunctate, the posterior margin broader and smooth, shining in the middle. There is no-convex ridge running from behind into each concavity.
Hab. Mexico, Amula in Guerrero (H. H. Smith).
14. Corinna retusa, sp.n. (Tab. V. figg. 13, 13 a, 2 .) Type, 2, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
Total length 9 millim. Carap. 4:25x3. Sternum 2x1°75. Pat.+tib. i.4; iil, 3:25; iv. 4. Prot.i. 2; iv. 3°75.
Q. Carapace and mandibles deep mahogany-brown, finely granulose. Sternum and legs paler mahogany-brown, granulose. Abdomen clay-yellow, its anterior margin and a shoulder-spot brown; also a brown, lanceolate, central anterior dorsal band, with a lateral line on each side of its broadest part, becoming suddenly narrowed to a thin line posteriorly, with a longer transverse lateral line on each side at its extremity, which is situated at the middle of the abdomen. The posterior dorsal and lateral areas are dusky brown.
Structure similar to that of C. luctuosa, except that the coxe of the legs are only very slightly and all the other segments, except the femora, less closely granulose. The legs and abdomen are clothed with much longer hairs and spines. Anterior row of eyes very strongly procurved. Clypeus equal to one and a half diameters of an anterior central eye. Lower margin of fang-groove with six'tceth. Tibia i. with five pairs of long spines; no apical pair. Tibia ii. with four spines on the outer side, three on the inner side. Protarsi i. and ii. with two pairs of spines beneath; no apical spine.
Vulva consisting of a circular convex area, somewhat bilobate in the centre, having a large subtriangular transverse cavity about the middle, and another smaller one just in front of it.
Hab. Guatemata (Sarg).
ARANEIDEA.
“I Te)
15. Corinna luctuosa, sp. n. (Tab. V. fig. 14, 2 -) Type, 2, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
Total length 16 millim. Carap. 6x5. Pat.+tib. i. wanting ; iil. 5°25 ; v. Ang. Smaller 2. Total length 11°5 millim. Carap.5x4. Pat.+tib. i. 5; iii. 4; 1v. 5. Sternum 2°5 x 2.
2. Colour similar to that of C. mucronata, but the legs darker mahogany-brown. Abdomen dull clay-yellow, clothed with very fine silky pubescence.
Structure similar to that of C. mucronata, but the lower margin of the fang-groove with seven teeth, and the sternum and legs closely granulose. Clypeus high, two and a quarter diameters of an anterior central eye. Tibia i. with 6—6 spines, one pair being apical. Tibia ii. with 5—5 spines, one pair apical. Protarsi i. and ii. with 2—2 spines, but no small central apical spine.
Vulva very simple, consisting of a chitinous convexity with a large circular concavity towards the posterior margin. Across the cavity are directed many stiff bristles from its anterior margin.
Hab. Mexico, Amula in Guerrero (H. H. Smith).
iv. wanting. Sternum 3x 2°5.— Prot. i. 3°35 iv. 4.
16. Corinna saga, sp.n. (Tab. V. fig. 15, ¢ .) Type, @, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
Total length 7-5 millim. Carap.3x2. Pat.+tib. i. 3; iii. 2; iv. 3:5, Prot. i. 1°75; iv. 25. Sternum 1:75 x 1:5.
Q. Carapace and mandibles mahogany-black, rugulose and granulose-impunctate. Legs and sternum pale mahogany-brown, granulose. Abdomen olive-brown, paler beneath, clothed with short stiff black bristles.
Structure as in OC. nava and C. luctuosa, except that the lower margin of the fang-groove has five teeth. Anterior row of eyes slightly procurved, equidistant, centrals slightly larger. Clypeus equal to one diameter of an anterior central eye. Sternum and legs granulose. Tibia i. with 4-5 spines beneath, one pair being apical; tibia ii. with 8—4 spines beneath. Protarsi i. and ii. with two pair of spines beneath.
Vulva simple, consisting of a convex area, bearing a small fovea close to the posterior margin.
Hab. Mexico, Amula in Guerrero (H. H. Smith).
17. Corinna nava, sp.n. (Tab. V. fig. 16, 2.) Type, 2, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
Total length 13 millim. Carap. 5:°25x4. Pat.+tib.i.5; iii. 4; iv. 5-25. Prot. i.3; iv. 4:25. Sternum 2°75 x 2.
©. Colour and structure as in C. luctuosa, except that the sternum and coxe, with a small area on the femora only of the legs, are granulose, and that the lower margin of the fang-groove has six teeth. The clypeus is equal to two diameters of an anterior central eye. Tibia i. with six spines on the outer side, four on the inner (apical pair incomplete) ; iii. with three spines on the outer side, and two very small ones on the inner side. Protarsus i. and ii. with two pairs of spines; no small central apical spine. ,
‘Vulva consisting of a very broad chitinous piece, having a deep oval concavity on each side of a broad, smooth, longitudinal piece connecting the anterior and posterior margins. From the posterior margin of each concavity a narrow convex ridge runs back and disappears in the centre of the cavity. Long hairs are directed backwards over the whole area, from the anterior marginal region.
Hab. Mexico, Amula in Guerrero (H. H. Smith).
18. Corinna variegata, sp.n. (Tab. V. figg. 17, 17 ad, ¢.) Type, 2, in coll. Godman & Salvin.
Total length 16 millim. Carap.6x4-75. Pat.+tib.i.7; iii. 45; iv. 7. Prot.i.3-5; iv.4°5. Sternum 8 x2. @. Carapace and mandibles black, dull, strongly rugulose-impunctate, the mandibles granulose-impunctate
CORINNA. 73
Sternum and mouth-parts pale piceous, smooth. Coxe and trochanters of legs dull orange, smooth. Femur i. dark piceous, granulose on the outside area in front. Femur ii. paler piceous, shading to bright orange towards the base. Femora iii. and iv. paler orange, with the apical half annulate with piceous. Legs i. and ii. deep piceous-brown, shining ; tibie iii. and iv. orange, with piceous basal annulation, extending over half the segment. Protarsi iii. and iv. piceous, tarsi paler. Abdomen dull olive-brown, almost glabrous, with two large, dull white, irregular oval blotches situate just in front of the middle of the dorsal area.
Carapace very broad in front, only one-quarter narrower than thoracic area. Caput gibbous, precipitous behind (not convex at the central fovea), closely rugulose-impunctate. Eyes widely separate. Posterior row procurved, eyes subequal ; centrals two and